Importance of Induction and Orientation Essay

1. Design safer systems of work: The most direct approach to ensuring a safe and healthy workplace is to design systems of work that are safe and without risk to health. This can often only be done satisfactorily at the design, planning or purchasing stage. It may be far more difficult to modify existing machinery or systems of work to eliminate or reduce hazards, than at the investment stage. Thus, management must take cognizance of long-term organizational changes to control hazards. Simply trying to persuade employees, for instance by poster campaigns, to adapt their behavior to unsafe systems of work is unacceptable. ‘Most accidents involve an element of failure in control – in other words failure in management skill. A guiding principle when drawing up arrangements for securing health and safety should be so far as possible work would be adapted to people and not vice versa’. As managers identify processes, machines and substances that are hazardous to the health and well-being of employees, they must modify the process to eliminate or reduce the hazard and risk ‘at source’. The provision of protective equipment is the typical means used by organizations to reduce physical hazards, and it is also an employer responsibility. 2. Exhibit commitment: No matter how much activity on health and safety is initiated by HR professionals, health and safety should be an integral part of every manager’s responsibility, from the chief executive officer down to the lowest level supervisor. Anything less than total support from top management raises questions about sincerity of the organization’s commitment in the eyes of employees, government agencies and the public at large. To exhibit commitment, managers’ salaries and promotion might be tied to a satisfactory safety record and compliance. Larger organizations have also appointed specialists in the area, including health and safety officers, safety engineer and medical technicians. If the safety officer is to be effective she or he must be given adequate authority in the management hierarchy to implement changes. 3. Inspect the workplace: Another proactive approach to the management of health and safety is regular formal inspections of the workplace, regular monitoring of the work environment and regular physical examination of employees. For example, construction sites and manufacturing plants require regular inspections to check the application of safety standards and relevant laws. Organizations may monitor a wide range of matters relating to employees’ health, from routine eye tests and chest X-rays to screening for breast and cervical cancer and incidents of infertility and abnormal childbirths. A ‘health’ survey of employees can also help identify hazardous and unhealthy processes. We can identify three main types of formal inspection, accident, special and general. Accident inspections will follow an accident or dangerous incident in the workplace. Special inspections might concentrate on a particular work station, system of work or hazard. The safety committee might decide that it is necessary to examine the training of fork-lift truck operators or dust problems; this would be the first step in a plan of action. A comprehensive survey of the entire workplace is the purpose of general inspection. 4. Establish procedures and controls: A healthy and safety policy is likely to fail unless there are effective procedures and controls established. The procedures for handling and safety problems need to meet some basic requirements: 1.Allow employees and union representatives to talk directly to the managers who can make decisions. 2.Operate without undue delay.  3.Be able to handle emergency problems and 4.Permit discussion about long-term decisions affecting health and safety. Clearly, these recommendations have important implications for HRM policy and action. Problems might occur if line managers are expected by senior management to be responsible for safe working practices, but at the same time are denied the authority to make decisions and implement changes. In principle, organizational procedures should ensure that the responsibility of each level of management to make decisions. The appointment of a safety officer may be a necessary prerequisite to establishing effective procedures and controls, but it is not sufficient. The position must be placed into the management hierarchy with clear lines of reporting and accountability, which will enable procedures for raising problems to operate without undue delay and avoid other managers absolving themselves from responsibilities. 5. Develop training programs: One way to obtain compliance with health and safety regulations is through enhancing employees’ knowledge, understanding and commitment, which can be achieved through healthy and safety programs. The purpose of safety training is generally the same as that of any other training program: to improve job knowledge and skills and to ensure optimum employee performance at the specified level. In health and safety training, specified performance standards include attention to safety rules and regulations regarding safe work behavior. Like any other training, health and safety training should be developed systematically. First, problems or training needs are identified by inspection, by accident reports, and through discussion at the health and safety committee. Next, planning, execution and evaluation of the training take place. Top management support is a key ingredient in the availability and success of health and safety training. 6. Set up health and safety committees: When health committees are not initiated by the union, organization often have safety committees which have employee members and are chaired by the safety or HRM specialist. Making the committee effective is mainly in the realm of senior management. A safety committee may develop into a ‘talking shop’ with no effective decision-making authority. To avoid this, a senior member of management team, with executive authority, should be a member of the committee. The functions of the committees, their terms of reference, depends on individual company policy, relevant safety legislation and the employee-union relations situation. Employers or their representatives are primarily responsible for compliance with health and safety laws. The existence of this committee does not diminish the employer’s duty to ensure a healthy and safe workplace. The work of the safety committee should supplement management’s arrangements for regular and effective monitoring for health and safety precautions; it cannot be a substitute for management action. All forms of safety matters reduce the incidence of accidents. 7. Monitor policy Safety specialists argue that the safety policy should reflect the employer’s commitment to develop safe systems of work, and to pursue a healthy work environment. Apart from giving details of the specialist safety services provided by the organization, the safety policy also outlines the safety responsibilities of all levels of management within the hierarchy. This part of the safety policy is particularly important for identifying which member of the management hierarchy should be involved when a health and safety problem arises in the workplace. A proactive approach would involve HRM professionals regularly checking to ensure that safety policy; management procedures and arrangements work, and are changed to suit new developments or work structures in the workplace. 8. Draw up action plan Thorough preparation, including designing a comprehensive set of checklists covering all aspects of the workplace, is essential if managers are to discover physical hazards. HRM professionals can be more proactive in the area of health and safety be developing an action plan and checklist.

Module a

Whilst texts may be fictitious constructs of composers’ imaginations, they also explore and address the societal issues and paradigms of their eras. This is clearly the case with Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein (1818), which draws upon the rise of Galvanism and the Romantic Movement of the 1800’s, as well as Ridley Scott’s film Blade Runner (1992), reflecting upon the increasing computing industry and the predominance of capitalism within the late 20th Century. Hence, an analysis of both in light of their differing contexts reveal how Shelley and Scott ultimately warn us of the dire consequences of our desire for omnipotence and unrestrained scientific progress, concepts which link the two texts throughout time. Composed in a time of major scientific developments, including Galvani’s concept of electricity as a reanimating force, Shelley’s Frankenstein utilises the creative arrogance of the Romantic imagination to fashion a Gothic world in which the protagonist’s usurpation of the divine privilege of creation has derailed the conventional lines of authority and responsibility. Her warning of the dangers of such actions is encapsulated within Victor’s retrospective words of â€Å"how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge†, whilst Shelley’s use of a fragmented epistolatory narrative adds a disturbing sense of truth, foreshadowing the dark consequences of Frankenstein’s actions. Moreover, her allusions to John Milton’s Paradise Lost evoke the poetic retelling of Satan’s fall from grace, wherein the daemon’s association with â€Å"the fallen angel† exacerbates the effects of Victor’s rejection, ultimately transforming its â€Å"benevolent nature† into a thirst for retribution. Together with its questioning of how Victor could â€Å"sport with life†, Shelley’s warning reverberates past the page, directly questioning the scientists of her era, including evolutionary theorist Erasmus Darwin, to reinforce the dangers of our humanity’s inherent yearning to play the role of the Creator. Such a warning also exists within Scott’s Blade Runner, hence linking the two texts throughout time, where the director echoes the rise of capitalist ideals and the Wall Street mantra, â€Å"greed is good†, through the symbolic dominance of Tyrell’s towering ziggurat, a reflection of both his desire for omnipotence and commercial power. Tyrell’s egocentric nature is epitomised within the religious connotations of his abode, including his voluminous bed, modeled after that of Pope John Paul II, as well as his reference to Batty as â€Å"the prodigal son†. Such symbols are unnervingly subverted through both the foreboding Chiarscuro of flickering candle-light with shadow and his violent death at the hands of his own creation. Scott’s warning of the dangers of such a desire is also evident within the expansive shots of 2019 LA, revealing a dark and tenebrous world lit by the glow of corporate advertisements, a representation of a bleak future dominated by commercial dominance. Hence, by drawing upon elements of his context, including the growth of capitalism and the ‘trickle-down theory’ of Reagan’s era, Scott positions us to reassess the consequences of overstepping our boundaries. In addition, both texts’ warnings also encompass the dangers of unrestrained scientific progress, where Frankenstein further demonstrates the Romantic Movement’s influence on Shelley’s mindset, as her criticisms of the Age of Reason and Industrial Revolution reflect their denigration of rationality. The imagery of the â€Å"dead corpse† and repetitious use of â€Å"horror† upon the creation of the â€Å"miserable monster† establish a strong aura of death and despair around this scientific advancement, whilst Victor’s warning of Walton to â€Å"avoid ambitions of science and discoveries† encapsulates Shelley’s vilification of contributors to the Industrial Revolution, including renowned inventor James Watt. Moreover, Shelley stresses her warning through the protagonists’ connections with nature, where Victor’s â€Å"insensibility to its charms†, arising from his immersion in science, results in his â€Å"deep, dark and deathlike solitude†, with the heavy alliteration exemplifying his degraded sense of humanity. Conversely, the monster possesses greater â€Å"benevolence† and a more intimate connection with â€Å"the pleasant showers and genial warmth of spring†, with such characterisation capturing Shelley’s reflection of Romanticism’s idolisation of nature, cautioning us against the dehumanising effect of unrestrained scientific advancement. Blade Runner is no different, with Scott’s reflection of the explosion of technological progress during the 1980’s, including the rise of computing giants IBM and Microsoft, highlighting the dangers of such unrestrained progress. Most notable is the opening panoramic shot of blazing smokestacks which, together with the haunting synthetic pulses of the Vangelis soundtrack, establishes a festering miasma of technological overload, adding further semiotic weight to the film’s nightmarish dystopian agenda. Indeed, this portrayal of a decaying environment reflects the growing ecological awareness of the 1980’s, which, whilst different to Shelley’s Romantic values, is similarly employed to highlight the destruction of mankind due to technology. Moreover, Scott illuminates us to the dehumanising effects of such progress, foregrounded through Deckard’s â€Å"retiring† of the Replicant Zhora. Here, the stylistic placement of the transparent poncho places further emphasises the violence of her death, with slow-motion low angle shot conveying her heightened sense of humanity within her last painful moments. In contrast, Deckard’s emotionless features, together with the monotonous drone of the droid, suggests that our artificial creations will ultimately lead to the dehumanising of mankind, undermining our humanist framework and hence, warns us of the dire consequences of unchecked scientific progress. Thus, we can see how both Shelley and Scott reflect their zeitgeists in their texts, Frankenstein and Blade Runner, as they draw upon the societal concerns of their times in order to warn us of the consequences of overstepping our boundaries and unbridled technological advancement. Subsequently, it becomes evident that despite their temporal and contextual differences, both texts are in fact linked through their common concerns and concepts.

Emotional Attachments Essay

In Alistair MacLeod’s short story, â€Å"The Boat†, there are many examples of where human emotions are attached to places and/or objects; known as physicalization. The emotions these things show, also depend on the person they are being viewed by. There are examples of how one space can have two very different emotional attachments. These differences in opinion can cause tension in some relationships and are there with a constant reminder of the contrast between two people. A good representation of physicalization is the object that is in the title. The boat, is one of the most important possessions to this Nova Scotian family. It provides their livelihood and everything that the mother perceives to be important. For the mother in this story, the boat embodies what it means to be a fishing family. She â€Å"was of the sea as were all her people,† which is why all her brothers were fishermen and she wanted to be married to a fisherman (paragraph 15). In her eyes, there was no other way to respectfully earn a living and she believed that people who weren’t from around where she lived did not know what it was like to work hard. For her, the boat was who they were and held all her emotions of hope and accomplishment. This is different from the emotions that the boat held for the father. He fished for a living, to keep his wife happy, but he was never truly a fisherman. He did not enjoy fishing like the rest of his wife’s family did. His skin was not tough enough as â€Å"the salt water irritated his skin as it had for sixty years†¦and his arms, especially the left, broke out into the oozing saltwater boils†. (paragraph 60) The sun and wind took a toll on his body that the others did not experience. To him, the boat held emotions such as pain, despair and struggle. He would rather be inside, reading and learning, but was instead forced to fish. The differences in physicalization in this story are also represented in the opinions of the father’s room. For him, it was a place where he could finally relax after a long day of work. It was his escape from the world; somewhere he could enjoy his books and not worry about his mess. The room was home to his emotions of calm and comfort, and was somewhere he could really be himself. Even within this room he could not escape the sea as the only window in the room overlooked it. His room was a place where he connected with his precious children in an unconditional manner. Here they learned about their true father and they learned how to gain knowledge. The father’s room, while a source of aggravation for the mother, was a place of safety and comfort for the father. For his wife, his room was a constant battle. â€Å"She despised the room and all it stood for†. (paragraph 23) She had long ago stopped trying to clean it, and had started to simply ignore it. To her, all his reading was a waste of time, but she was able to ignore it until it started to influence their children. To her, the room was a challenge and represented some of the main differences between she and her husband. The use of physicalization, allowed the author to show the tension that is between the parents and in the whole family. Somewhere that makes one person feel comfort, is the same place that makes another person feel stress. Sometimes these contrasts in emotion can be ignored, but often they lead to issues. This is clearly not a perfect family, and challenges they face are made obvious by the difference in emotions for certain things between the parents.

Preparation of Unit Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Preparation of Unit Work - Essay Example During a school inspection, it was found that the teachers tend to rely more on course books and other commercial materials, and take little or no initiative at all to make the course more interesting and appropriate with creativity and zeal. This "coursebook-led" approach makes teaching as well as learning a lack-luster, cumbersome exercise. It has been said that we learn 20% of what we hear, 50% of what we see and 80% of what we do. Therefore, mixing course book with practical work by using creative audio visual methods including discussion in pairs and groups is easily a better option as compared to just course book teaching. Besides language, speaking skills involve voice control, overcoming nervousness, and the art of listening, all of which must be properly taught and ingrained in the students' minds. It is not possible to effectively cover all of these in a rigid follow through of a course book. (How To Write and Speak Better)2. Now this situation leads to a ticklish issue. What is a course book Rather, what is the function of a course book A course book is a resource, a medium. The function of teaching materials including course books is to provide information. It is a resource or a medium to be used for guidance and instruction. When a class is being led by the medium, it is obvious that the medium is assuming the role of a leader. Obviously, a medium cannot, by any stretch of imagination, assume the human role of leadership. Furthermore, it is equally preposterous to think it all right for the teacher to simply go through the daily chore of covering a lesson each day and by the time the entire book is covered, to take it for granted that the students have mastered ESL. This method is not adequate in learning a language where participation and expression are as mandatory as grammar and vocabulary. The Coursebook-based approach The ideal approach to teaching a language is the use of a strong students-teacher bond where the teacher is the best embodiment of a textbook. The teacher must be thoroughly familiar with the study material in order to teach, explain and lead the class with lan. ESL students are greatly starved of English teachers who serve as their role models and living textbooks. These students have the remarkable knack of looking into the textbooks on their own and ratify their teacher's explanations and instructions. What they need is the generous use of question answer sessions, group discussions, and the confidence that they are headed in the right direction. In such an environment, the textbooks and supplements do wonders. The urge to study and learn becomes a passion. To begin with, the student is first given a proper overview of the whole course during the first few sessions. This enables the student to be vigilant, well-prepared and he has a good idea of what to expect. The good leadership provided by the teacher makes learning an edifying and pleasant experience. Communication between the teacher and the student is clear, purposeful and objective. The course book is given its due

Interest rates & stocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interest rates & stocks - Essay Example By using these values the current price of XYZ stock has been calculated and it is equal to $12.85. Po is the actual share price and P is the calculated stock price and when these two prices are compared, there is a huge difference between the two prices as the value of Po is equal to $76.28 and value of P is $12.85. There can be several reasons for the difference between the actual price of XYZ stock and the calculated price. One major reason could be the difference between the demand and supply of stock as in reality the demand of XYZ stock would be very high which might have increased the actual price of the stock and for this reason the stock has been overvalued. Also the other reason might be that people might expect the company to perform better in future and this is the reason why they would like to buy the stock of XYZ and this would have increased the price of the stock as well. As the market risk premium has increased from 7.5% to 10%, so this would change the return of XYZ stock as well. The new return can be found using CAPM equation and the new required return with the changed market risk premium would be 18.525%. By using the value of new required return of XYZ stock in Constant Growth Model the value of XYZ’s share price has been calculated. The new price is $7.75. The new price is lower than the price calculated previously because the market risk has increased and investors would like to have more return on the stock. So in order to get more return either the return or dividend should increase or the price of the stock should decrease, since dividend is constant therefore the price of the stock has decreased. The share price of XYZ Company calculated using the P/E method is different than the share price calculated using constant growth model and the reason behind this difference in estimated share price is that these methods are used to estimate the share price and at times one method would give

'International Trade in Intellectual Properties' Knowledge Diffusion Essay

'International Trade in Intellectual Properties' Knowledge Diffusion of Exploitation' - Essay Example Previously products that were regarded inferior in technology have been revamped to become more appealing and efficient on the technological end. All these aspects attest to the increasing trade being carried out across the borders in intellectual property (IP). Producers of goods are given by law the right to protect their ideas and creativity from being stolen and exploited by other people. Moreover producers can also negotiate and exchange these ideas at a price. This is referred to as intellectual property rights and occurs in an array of forms; for instance, copyrights can protect movies and books, trademarks can provide immunity from exploitation to product logos and patents can be applied to inventions. One of the reasons why such rights are being promoted is to encourage producers to come up with new ideas and practically apply them without the fear of them being exploited and stolen by competitors (1). Moreover the integration of IP into the trade regime has served to be a s olution to the shortcomings of the WIPO system (2). IP has evolved into a means of gaining competitive advantage in modern international trade. The rapid pace of technological advancements occurring all around the world coupled with increasing economic globalization has helped to create more competitiveness amongst countries. Amidst such high competition, the protection of ideas and creativity of producers helps to guarantee that rivals do not steal the idea and take credit away from the original producers (3). The economic worth of IP lies in the fact that it serves to advance and further competitive capability. One such example is the protection of IP with regard to the software industry in India. The transfer and exchange of IP is often seen amongst developing countries. This is because the economies of these nations are still budding and developing. There is a need for greater investment and transfer in research and technology along with improvements and advancements in certain industries such as manufacturing and service industries. One way of achieving such modernization is through the trading of intellectual property across the national border. The advantages of such barter not only lie in the acquisition of better and advanced technology by the buyer but also in greater economic gain for the seller. The trade of IP allows countries to commercialize and market the creativity of their producers and to achieve competitive advantage through it. Moreover countries who are importing IP are benefitted from the influx of an array of IP such as textbooks for the national education system, art works by talented artists etc (4). The recent trends in international trade are making the exchange of buying and selling much simpler and secure. When looking at the changes occurring by the advent of e-commerce, one can appreciate that no industry is changing at a more rapid rate than the technology transfer industry. This tech transfer industry primarily compromises of patent licensing executives, inventor-scientists, patent attorneys and technology brokers. These agents are responsible for the sale, purchase and licensing of IP all over the world. There are a number of factors motivating these people to barter IP on an international scale; these also portray the advantages of trading IP globally. IP can be exploited in two main ways: selling and licensing; a range of factors affect the

Kants morally impermissible actions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kants morally impermissible actions - Essay Example Deontological ethical theory Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher proposed the theory of deontological ethical theory; this has the foundation on the point that only essentially good will is derived from a good thing. This implies that an action is evaluated when the motives or maxim behind it are evaluated, these can be looked at from two angles. First, evaluation of actions by taking into consideration their consequences, this is rejected, a person can control motives and purpose but lack the inability to control the consequences of his/her actions. Secondly what is ‘ought’ means ‘can’ this means that a person is held responsible morally only for a limited number of actions that are under his/her control. Logic as the Basis for Ethics: What action can be described as permissible and hence the converse implies impermissibility? An action is said to be permissible if its cause can be found to be logically consistent and an action is said to be impermissible if its cause is found to be irrational, inconsistent or contradictory (Sullivan 163). This arguments aid in avoidance of mistake and prejudice, provides tenable defense of moral motives, and implies a reply to moral skeptics. The argument can also be said to provide moral universality theory and to give the impression that immorality implies inconsistency and irrationality. For an action to be praiseworthy, the action must have foundation on a logically rational or consistent motive. A praiseworthy action is one that has foundation on a given motive that is obeying the moral law, moral laws are those that are consistent for everyone and are applicable to every other person. Permissible actions are as defined above are those that are because of a consistent motive and are done out of moral duty. The Categorical Imperative: Kant suggested that the moral duty is given to an agent by reason as a categorical imperative (McCracken 131) a person is told how to behave out of an imperative statement. Imperative statements can be considered on two occasions, hypothetical imperative is built on commands for accomplish a particular objective; categorical imperative is modeled on natural law. This becomes the focal point of Kant’s moral principle; to him the foundation of the principle cannot be anything but absolute. An attempt to rationalize morally impermissible behavior will prove self-defeating; this is known as morally impressible action (McCracken 131). An act is impermissible if and only if the action is acted upon the foundation of the maxim that a person cannot will to a universal law; therefore, the permissible action implies the converse. This implies that a person will do an action given the circumstance and because of a certain motiv e, this gives the reason for the action-the maxim. Every person will do actions given the set of circumstances and because of those motives; this means that a person’s actions is consistent with everyone’s actions. The murder example If a person is considering killing another person for egoistic reasons, because, the other person is committing adultery with his wife, consider the impermissibility of this case. The action, which is murder for egoistic reasons this gives the circumstance and finally the motive, is adultery. Every person will kill those people for egoistic reasons, because, these people have committed adultery with their wives. The first argument provides the maxim principle while the second argument provides the universal law; this cannot consistently will that people will commit all those actions this therefore means that the action is impermissible. This example above illustrate classifications of moral duties, the classifications are premised on these divisions, first, the duties to self by implication to others and perfect duties by implication imperfect duties. Perfect duties are done at every other chance whilst the imperfect duties are done at a unique chance but the agent must put thought to it. Violation of

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 41

Case Study - Essay Example The company’s four strategies – availability, affordability, acceptability, and activation – provide manufacturing flexibility that allows the broadening of the product portfolio while pursuing the most cost effective route to market for order taking and delivery to customers. Information technology is one of the key drivers to an efficient supply chain management. In 2005, the CCHBC invested heavily in technology applications by introducing a single largest and the most successful roll-out of SAP–based Advanced Planning Optimizer (APO). This has enabled CCHBC to optimize and coordinate operations within its whole network and across borders by consolidating the best practices on a single, standard enterprise platform. This platform facilitates alignment of supply chain and demand planning, which is effective for efficient sales and operation planning. Information technology has led to the creation of cost saving opportunities and leadership in the field of fast-selling goods. CCHBC can bring about integration in the supply chain by outsourcing some of its operations internally and externally. Internally, the company can outsource goods or services within its supply network. The company should be keen on the decision which goods or services it seeks to outsource for effective integration. In the process of business outsourcing, the company should seek to regulate the period of outsource because this can lead to the loss of in-house expertise. Externally, the company can seek to outsource globally. Most organizations seek this kind of business outsourcing because of the low costs and skills available internationally. Global outsourcing enables the purchasers to tap into technological expertise that may not be available in their native countries. It also creates a global process network amongst its suppliers, which, in turn, creates a pool of promising synergies to increase their

Phase 3 DB Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phase 3 DB - Assignment Example This report includes the notes to the financial statement of the company and the comparative analysis of the new business expanse intent of the Apex Inc. It also discusses the profitable outcomes for the shareholders and the bondholders. Introduction Apex Printing Inc. is the privatized United States printing company which cater the printing of research papers, newspaper inserts, journals and magazines, periodicals and the advertisements that incorporate Sunday and weekly circulations of metropolitan newspapers. Apex Inc., headed by the CEO John Mathews generates a revenue of 450 million US $ per annum based on three main product lines namely the periodicals, inserts and the advertisements. This company holds long contractual relationships with several U.S retailers for the vast production on a large scale. Recently in a meeting with the CEO and Vice President of the Sales Administration James Simeon, an initiative was put forward in the intent of the further expanse of the product l ine of Apex Inc. and to carry out productions in a different streamline: food packaging and following a different preplanned strategy. The meeting was soon followed by another meeting with the CEO and the VP of Production and Supply Chain, Luke Stewart. ... Mathews. However Mr. Mathews pointed out that Mr. Stewart view on long term profit was only possible if the project has been carried out successfully and with the striving attitude to include perfection in it. To discuss further on the this proposal I hereby, the VP finance am required to submit an initiative report to the CFO of the incorporation in this matter highlighting the finance statement and the discussion of the project’s details and the end result and henceforth making a satisfactory attempt to persuade the shareholders and the bondholders for the gain of their valuable investment in this project. Method: The current profit-loss status of the Apex Inc. is not vary much commendable however one also refrain from grading it as below average. But, owing to the present circumstances and the new inceptive of the expanse of the business approved by the CEO, I am here to give you a brief description of the present state of the company and the cost to implement the newer pro ject in pursuit of stabilizing the incorporation’s profits. Given here are the formulas for the calculation of the net present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR) of the expanse of Apex Inc. followed by the cost description of the food packaging project. When cash inflows are even (NPV): NPV = R ? 1 ? (1 + i)-n ? Initial Investment i In the above formula, R  is the net cash inflow expected to be received each period; i  is the required rate of return per period; n  are the number of periods during which the project is expected to operate and generate cash inflows. When cash inflows are uneven: NPV = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... ? Initial Investment (1 + i)1 (1 + i)2 (1 + i)3 Where, i  is the target rate of return per period; R1  is the net cash inflow during the first

Admission to the Master’s Program in Physical Anthropology Essay Example for Free

Admission to the Master’s Program in Physical Anthropology Essay I had always been enamored with science; accordingly I did my major in Chemistry and Archaeology from the University of Virginia. In this process I attended two archeological digs. One of these was of six weeks duration at a Native American Site that dated back to the seventeenth century. The other one was conducted at a Historical Site that pertained to the nineteenth century, during one of the semesters in college. During the course of my studies in archeology, I performed an isotopic analysis on hair samples obtained from ancient Egyptian mummies, in order to discover the diet that they used to consume. Subsequent, to graduating with a degree in chemistry and archaeology, I discontinued my studies in order to take stock of my life and also to foray into the field of penmanship by writing a novel. Afterwards, I examined the various graduate programs that I could join in order to continue my education. My interest in science actuated me to pursue a program in patent law in the law school. I did extremely well at law school, but I was not enamored by the study of law or what I saw of legal practice. In my opinion it seemed to be a profession that was motivated solely by personal gain and avarice and was least concerned with the advancement of society.   After the successful completion of the first year of this program, my professors and lawyers persuaded me to continue with it as it would become more interesting.   This assurance caused me to persevere with legal studies. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay Nevertheless, the excitement generated by the acquisition of knowledge was never experienced by me. In addition, I never felt curious about discovering something new in this field of study. This was a novel experience, because I had been elated and thrilled by the process of acquiring knowledge as an undergraduate science student.   However, the time expended in acquiring a law degree was not an utter waste of time and effort. I became adept at analyzing and arguing in a legal manner. Furthermore, I acquired knowledge regarding the historical foundation of our legal system, and I grasped the nuances of patent law.   Thus, I decided to court my original and true love, which is science. Accordingly, I scouted around and subjected the various graduate programs for which I was eligible. My search, which was quite elaborate, disclosed that physical anthropology was ideally suited to my needs. Anthropology is derived from the Greek anthropos or human and logia or study. In other words anthropology constitutes the stud of humankind right from the time that man first appeared on this planet. Each and every aspect of humans is studied in this field of study and the focus is on a holistic approach to mankind. This is a fascinating study and it has four branches, namely cultural, linguistic, archaeological and biological anthropology. My predilection is towards biological or physical anthropology, which studies the biological origins, evolutionary development and genetic diversity of humans. An attempt is also made in this branch of study to comprehend human nature, the brain’s evolution and the nervous system (What is Anthropology? , 2006). My life’s ambition is to successfully complete the master program in physical anthropology and subsequently, obtain a PhD in this field of study. I am extremely interested in primatology or the study of primates, palaeoanthropology or the study of fossil hominids and genetics. At present I am involved with genetic research on mollusks at the Chicago Academy of Sciences. References    What is Anthropology? . (2006). Retrieved November 8, 2007, from American Anthropological Association: http://www.aaanet.org/anthbroc.htm

Types Of Organizational Structures Commerce Essay

Types Of Organizational Structures Commerce Essay An organization is a unique framework of authority within which a person or persons act, or are designated to act, towards some purpose. Information Technology-Metadata Registries Registry Meta Model and Basic Attributes, World Bank, February 2003. So as to achieve its purpose every organization should possess an organizational structure. Organizational structure is the skeleton system based on which an organization functions. The organizational structure acts as a medium to bring together all its members and helps them to understand recruitment, leadership, decision making and work towards the organizational goals. In this document we would discuss the effect of organizational structure on motivation in an organization. Organizational Structure Human bodies are outlined by a skeleton system which determines the physical parameters; similarly an organization needs a structure which outlines the functioning of the organization. Organizational structure deals with the framework which defines the relation between people and positions in the organization. Jennifer and Gareth have defined organization structure as the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates and motivates employees so that they cooperate and work together to achieve an organizations goals. Several tasks are to be implemented in an organization, for these organizational tasks to be successful, they should be coordinated. Organizational structure supports division of work, categorizing the tasks and supervision in an organization. An effective organizational structure aids the efficient running of an organization. The factors that govern the formulation of an organizational structure are benefits of channelizing the tasks, hurdle s due to communication and obstacles due to formatting the authority levels. Organizational structure helps the managers in a firm to describe, distribute and get job done. Organizational structure also helps in determining the goals, estimating the deadlines and setting the performance standards, regulate the operations with reporting systems. Types of Organizational Structures Based on the arrangement of activities the organizational structures can be defined into three types: Functional Structure Functional structure is the oldest and most common form of organizational structure. An organization when divided into several sub-units based on the specialized functions, this structure would be called as functional structure. In a functional structure grouping is done based on the specific functions like operations, production, finance and marketing. The advantages of an organization possessing a functional structure are specialization, accountability and clarity. Every sub-unit emphasizes on its own work, a member of the sub-unit is delegated with authority and responsibility. The sub-unit pretty clear on the goals and people know their roles. http://www.businessmate.org/userupload/Functional_Organizational_Structure.jpg The functional structure of the organization has few disadvantages like, distance between top level management and the sub-units in an organization, coordination between different sub-units is not so easy, the organization becomes very resistive to change and communication problems would arise. Divisional Structure The divisional structures are found in large scale industries which develop and deal with more than one product and operate in several markets across the globe. The organization is divided into several sub units based on the products, markets and consumer needs in different geographical regions. The sub-units are independent and work under a divisional manager, the divisional manager reports to the head office and delegated with powers of decision making on production, marketing functions. This allows the managers to make decisions on the respective divisions in time. This model facilitates the sub-units to concentrate on the consumer needs, encourages competition among the divisions and improved regulation as every sub-unit acts as individual profit center. This also has few disadvantages, like replication of functions (a sub-unit may require different sales teams). The competition among the sub-units may lead to negative consequences and it would difficult to control and coordinate each sub-unit. http://images.flatworldknowledge.com/cadden/cadden-fig12_007.jpg Adaptive Structure Adoptive structures are the organizational structures framed to handle the exclusive situations. There are two types of structures in this they are: i) Project Organization The positive side of this structure is that the structural framework of the parent organization doesnt get interrupted and the project aims to accomplish its task within the time frame and to reach the expected standards. There is a scope for better managing and control over the tasks, as the managers are delegated with authority and responsibility for results. ii) Matrix Organization Matrix structure is a framework which allots resources from different functional sub-units to work on more than one project. There may be two diverse projects implemented in organizations simultaneously. A project manager is assigned to every project and he is responsible for assigning all the required resources to accomplish the tasks and meet the goals specified. http://sameh.files.wordpress.com/2006/05/Organization%20Structure3.jpg Innovation and how organizational design effects innovation Innovation is the act or process of innovating; something newly introduced, new method, custom, device, etc. change in the way of doing things; renew, alter. (Websters New World Dictionary, Second College Edition 1982). Successful innovation requires an optimal overall formal business structure (Burgelman Maidique, 1988). As businesses grow there is a tendency to add layers, becoming more mechanistic and institutionalizing bureaucracy (Kanter, 1983). High performing firms motivate and enable innovative behavior by creating permeable business boundaries helping break down the barriers separating functions, product groups and businesses (Ashkenas, 1998; Maira Thomas, 1998). The list of factors influencing the motivation in an organization is technology, Complexity, Centralization and Formality. Complexity can be described as the dissimilarities between the tasks and the sub-units. Complexity depicts the extent of diversity in the organization. The more is the number of tasks and number of jobs the more complex an organizational structure would be. It would be difficult to manage a complex organization. Horizontal differentiation, vertical differentiation and spatial differentiation are the three types of arrangements based on the complexity of the endeavors. By formalization we mean clear role definition, written guidelines regarding duties and responsibilities of board members, and written procedures. Indeed, formalization helps rationalize behavior in organizations and is manifested in the rules governing behavior, including role relations of individuals occupying positions in the organizations structure (Scott, 1998). Formalization is possible by specialization, delegation of authority and wide span of control. Centralization is one the 14 principles put forwarded by Henry Fayol, according to Henry Fayol, reducing the role of low level employees in the process of decision making is called centralization. The hurdle dealing with centralization is that one has to come up with the right degree of centralization in each unique case. The effect of different organizational structures on innovation in an organization is as follows. Functional units are habituated to orthodox ways of working and are resistant to change, this would not allow employees to think out of the box. The coordination between different sub-units is time taking process; hence the gap between idea generation and idea implementation would be long. The gap between top level management and the functional units doesnt allow employees to share vision of organization with all the employees. Functional structures have a system for closed communication, which do not encourage opinions, suggestions and feedback. In this structure sub-units are not aware of the performance of the other sub-units of the organization. All these factors put together makes innovation in functional organizations a tough task. Innovation in organizations following divisional structure is better than functional organizational structures. Divisional organization structures are always clearly focusing on consumer needs, production requirements and geographical areas of business. Divisional structure leads to positive competition between its sub-units, which encourage innovation in the organization. Divisional structures have a better control over its sub-units than the functional structures. This helps the management to explain the vision of organizations to its employees and encourage innovation. Adaptive Structures are a result of combination of functional and divisional structures. This organizational structure is an amalgam of functional expertise and team work. This encourages positive communication, constructive feedback and effective idea generation. These structured organizations share the vision and mission of the organization with all its employees. These organizations give the management a higher degree of control over its employees and their tasks. This gives a better chance for the management to reward the employees with incentives who come up with innovative ideas and support those ideas and see that those are implemented for the good of the company. Conclusion Adaptive structures are the ones which encourage innovation most out of all the different organizational structures. Any organization with coordination among all the sub-units, shares vision, encouraging idea generation, gives quality feedback, suggestions and supports the implementation of ideas financially and morally will always be innovative in its working.

Factors Which Shaped The Development Of Modern Criminology Criminology Essay

Factors Which Shaped The Development Of Modern Criminology Criminology Essay For years, the symbol of the future has been the coming of new decade; the arrival of new century. Whether the field is medicine, space exploration or criminal justice, that turn of the calendar has held unique fascination. Now as we approach the new decade, a new reality is forming from that fascination. Still distant enough to pique our curiosity but close enough that our expectations and analysis regarding crimes and punishment can be guided by reality, life in the next decade can be the focus of productive, justifiable and practical inquiry (Guha, 1999). Such inquiry can be useful to academics, law enforcers, public officials, planners, student and others for whom the future of crime and punishment is no abstraction but an important stage in their careers and their contributions. Past the year 2009, todays students will be tomorrows expert and have a dedication and experience to carry them into positions of leadership. Education today not only can describe crime and punishment as they are, but also help to prepare student by prompting them to consider what their future might be like (Barry,2003). Discussions: Modern Criminology is one of the fields of study and disciplines about criminals and criminal behavior. The development of the subject attempted to build theoretical foundations that explain why these crimes occurred and test those theoretical concepts by observing their behavior aspects. Criminological concepts help shape the response of society to crimes in terms of responding and preventing crimes after its occurrence. The concern of it was focused with the human moral relationship, values and moral status together with its non-human elements. It has become a new philosophical sub-discipline in the early 1970s; it was challenged by classical criminology. Foremost, it instigates the considered moral superiority of humanity to population of other people on the planet. Second, it examined the rational possibility of arguments for providing intrinsic value to the diversity of crimes and punishment elements (Guha, 1999) According to Attigod (2007) over the course of the past centuries, there were visible unrelenting levels of speculation in historical and contemporary literatures about crimes and punishments at the same time that worldwide issues and conflicts. Concurrent to these developments, there has been a new wave of interest directed toward the factors contributing to the development of modern criminology coming out from different aspects of living things through communications, specifically the twist in the valuation and judgment role in society or culture. A study conducted by Barry (2003), he presented that at the start of the new millennium, there were growing number of criteria that began to suggest crimes and punishment as a remedy to the state cauterized of society and culture. Yet, he questioned how can these criteria for works within the new cultural modalities of in the changing and reflexive dialogue and ambiguity? Interest was focused on the importance of providing a framework for understanding the development of crime and punishment. Included in those was the need for examining the education and skills that today students requires to be effective scholars and professionals over the course of their careers. That knowledge, firmly grounded in the present and the past, has guided their efforts to look into the future. Most of these authors do not consider themselves futurists, that is, specialists, speculating about the future. Instead, their effort here are the best appreciated as attempts to extent todays knowledge base modestly forward for a decade and a half and perhaps to influence those who are willing to make daring leaps (Barry, 2003). No matter how qualified experts may be, the rest remains that their musings about the criminology, may, at best, ignore significant issues or, at worst, be little more than fantasies. Careful selection of experts and the tension to detail to avoid such problems, but additional safeguard, also have been included. They began their efforts with general instructions in the intent and directions of the subject. The issues that were debated ranged from the extent to which the subject was best viewed as a direct extension of the present or as likely to mold by other influences to the crime and punishment, moral responsibilities for helping to shape the future (Attigod, 2007). Only some of many crimes that occur received intense attentions from the news media, law enforcement agencies, and the public. White collar crime gets least attention that its innermost costs warrant and arson is rarely the basis of news stories, official investigation and public fear. In recent years, two relatively uncommon forms of crimes serial homicide and the murder of children abducted by strangers, have dominated press reports on crime, television documentaries, police investigations, and popular attentions (Barry, 2003). During the 1980s, the issue of serial murder was established as major social problem, and the stereo typical serial killer become one of the best-known and the most widely feared social enemies. In each case, particular attention should be directed toward the identification of claims-makers, those individuals and groups who attempt to present an issue in a particular way. The study of such claims-makers is central to the constructionists approach to social problems in which the theoretical task is to study how members defines lodge and press claims; how they publicized their concerns, redefine the issue in question in the face of political obstacles, indifference or oppositions; how they enter in alliances which other claim makers (Agar, 2001). The development of the criminology shaped public perceptions of the serial murder problem, crimes, and the means claims and came to the establishment as authoritative. It will be suggested that such an exploration has important implications both for the framing of social problems, and for the study of mass media (James, 2003). The crime, punishment and justice were the philosophical focus of 19th and 20th century, the present criminological approach surfaced as an academic field and discipline in the 1970s. The rethinking and doubt about the human and crime relationship over the last three decades showed an already common perception in the early 1960s that the twentieth century presents with a population time bomb and a major crisis issue (Guha, 1999 Additionally, the historical derivatives of the crime and punishment are linked to overuse and abuse of human rights and nature by maintenance of the humans equality over all other forms of nature and life on earth and by perception of all was formed and created for the justice not only human beings but all form of life in the universe (Barry, 2003). The modern criminology is heavily influenced by ideology and politics, but those influences can be tempered by data. The collection and analysis of information about crime and criminals and about the criminal justice process will play an increasingly important rule in the future. Research, including evaluation studies, therefore becomes an essential component of providing services to the community (Agar, 2001). Such research serves as a foundation on which future policies and procedures can be evaluated and corrective measures taken to improve the delivery of services. In this way, research is more that heuristic. It is now an important ingredient in the process of completing the multiple tasks expected of criminology leaders (Attigod, 2007). The development of modern criminology faces different challenges and issues today, crimes, degradation of natural resources and destruction of human life are some of the issues regarding the subject. There is also destruction of some individual members of human groups and overpopulated species belong to indigenous group which is important for the preservation of our integrity. There are terrorists from different countries across the globe that continually practices heinous crimes to sustain their needs and goals that degrades the quality of human life. In natural settings, there are industries and mining company that utilized open pit mining in some environmental diverse area that causes global climate change. It is often discusses to be morally wrong for every human beings to deplete, destroy and harm any parts of the nature, human life and to large area of the earths natural resources (James, 2003). However, there are expert have asked crimes and justice should impact the places defined in which areas are to be restored, and have questioned over exactly which must be ecological features, terrorism, criminal features, etc. These issues are emerging in human societies, and then an issue also emerges over the laws of the nature and punishments that will show in them, and also of their combination into huge global, regional, political and economic field (Barry, 2003). The political, ethical, and legal confluences of arguments regarding the future of criminology is focused on the emergence of philosophical issues that concern with human rights, resources depletion and the argue over whether an human ethics would be anything new rather than a changes, extension or modification of current ethical philosophies were showed in wider political, environmental and social movements. Fields and areas such as feminism, deep ecology, and social theories are considered to have significant impact on the political development of positions regarding the environment. The importance of this factors impact to the peoples thinking about criminology and has been valued by many environmental scholars and philosophers (Attigod, 2007). Additionally, the focus on the value of justice and the importance of its conservation and preservation has viewed as another significant problem namely that lifestyles in which efforts for crimes and punishment can be valuable demand as a standard of lifestyle that is far across the perception of most of the worlds population. Current political conflicts and geographical differences provide significant challenges to the issue of crimes and justice, the world is now in general as it threatens to widen inequalities and affect human living systems. The justice and ethics is necessary as it involve the interference with the rights of humans and non-human living elements, particularly in relation to access to lifes critical to survival. It also contains questions concerned to whether human should leave considerations to other human to preserve for future generations. That is either of the main activities that are unethical and how their involvements in an activity to misinform the public about political changes in the past decades that have tarnished the environmental moral image (Abram, 1996).   In addition, there are report uses that unethical activities by many organizations were used as justification their strategic planning that will aid the industries. These issues must not only address its criminal and moral concern, but also obtain a global reputation of social corporate responsibility and secure justice viability in the future in spite of modern and new technologies that will underpin the change, social welfare, facilitates and economic development. In contrast, there must be appropriate attention to the development of appropriate law making bodies (Aris, 2008)   Linked between unequal human treatment, destruction of environmental, poverty and the economic situation of the world order have been argued by criminal scholars, political scientists, geographers, development theorists, and economists as well as by philosophers. Links between criminology and economics are well established particularly. I believe that the goal of modern criminology regarding the current political issues is to provide safe and complete set of environment for all living things around the world to improve quality of lives while decreasing impact of human rights depletion and supporting communities (Attigod, 2007). Due to the highly liquid nature of the securities and short maturities, international expansion and globalization of criminal concepts is perceived as a safe place to lock in justice. It serves as instruments characterised by high degree of safety of the principal. The successful implementation of these strategies by international organizations like UN provided more securities and opportunities; there are hundreds of required detailed decisions to accomplish the goal, such as police strategies, planning, judicial and police activities such as law making and amendments (Barry,2003) It is well known that the criminology system has a disproportionate effect on the poor and on minorities in the United States in that those in whom the coercive power of the state is vested are disproportionately white middle class. The integrity of this system of social control depends on its being fair and equitable. Where disparity exists, we must be certain that it is not the result of either deliberate or unintentional differences in the treatment of citizens. While the modern criminology cannot be expected to address inequities that may exist in the larger society, leaders should contribute to them. Leaders of the field must take responsibility for safeguarding the integrity of punishment system and for working toward the system whose employees are sensitive to the cultures of those caught up in it and served by it (Abram, 1996).   There are also effect directly address the national strategies of certain countries. For instance, very new law and public trust strategies adapt existing management have to controls the new technology and able to manipulate ideas to effectively undertake every present opportunities. Crimes and punishment agencies information has their own commercial organization with the automation of routine functions, specifically judicial and police functions. As technology and globalization become more influential and more effective, judicial and criminal justice strategy gain support in almost all countries and organizational processing. Organizations also emerging in the international treaty in this period, and have been constantly used to back up national strategies and communications (Aris, 2008). National communications have connected criminology and justice more closely to the host nation and law making bodies. The national efforts of different countries worldwide have their own continuity planning aligned with human rights. There is also a determination of national objectives, operations, logistics and development of these strategies, control and evaluation process in measuring the effectiveness of modern criminologys performance. The criminal aspects have been the direct responsibility of national government and peace keeping body, whereas top management is responsible for the implementation of strategic plans. The advantage of this idea includes the tendency to be detail line by line criminal punishment actions and legal considerations items with tactical approaches that concerned with the rationale used in national plan Moreover, the rate of crimes in different countries has dramatically increased which added some modern features to the development of criminology, international strategy have come to produce to gain influence over the nature and form of the modern organizations. Abreast with the increasing rate on technology and globalization is the increasing complexity and scale of national strategy. These figures added to motivate national strategy and technological strategic planning, as a means to produce the best feature for the country that realizes the best benefit from these laws and punishment accompanied by the concepts and theories in trade as well as the process to create large scale efforts to enter the international system (Barry, 2003). Much of what the modern criminology does can be seen as settling conflicts among citizens. Basic values justice and fairness are central to such system of social control. Anyone working in the punishment system has the obligation to explore such basic values to understand their importance in criminal justice and to understand their meaning and value to them as individuals. Those who work in the modern criminology system must be responsible for their part in that system. Lawyers must not tolerate in justice, the police must not accept brutality, and prison officials must be responsible for prison conditions. For that to be true, we cannot rely on citizens video cameras to exposed and correct the system. Everyone must appreciate the importance of values that make the modern criminology system credible (Aris, 2008). For the successful development of modern criminology and the rate of globalization increased into international scene for more opportunities. There are also hundreds of required detailed decisions to accomplish the goal. In these recent days, the world is experiencing through an epic proportions technological discontinuity, and most of the people us are not even totally prepared. The system paradigm of mass media and mass production is being interchanged by a one-to-one law system which is a new paradigm totally (Abram, 1996).   In developing new criminology strategy, it involves fact finding, analysis, generation of technical and management plan goals, and development of projects to realize these goals. The planning process makes use of tools of international law consulting agencies. From the point of view of sustainable international growth, the construction of national strategies against crimes has been notable international success. While on the criminology continues to mature, global and local law enforces and law making bodies are seeking for opportunities to advance the national interests in a highly competitive environment. This issue has been a subject of many studies and researches on crimes and punishment in these recent years. The idea of the future may seem like an abstraction, looking into it could seem little more than an intellectual exercise. But there are also more practical applications. In personal terms, we can talk about our individual features or, more specifically, our careers in the field of criminal justice. From that perspective, development of criminology involves identifying the types of knowledge and skills that will be needed in 15 or 20 years. That is, preparing for the future means acknowledging that the jobs available today maybe very different tomorrow and that you must prepare not only for your first job in the field that also for leadership positions in the future (Abram, 1996).   In addition, the political abilities of leaders in the criminology field are strengthened by analytical abilities. Never before have these skills been as necessary as they are today and will continue to be, and never before has the capacity to develop these skills been so close at hand. The technological revolution of the 1980s and early 1990s has put computers in nearly every work city. Criminology is a public enterprise. In its most basic form, it involves exercise of coercive powers on behalf of the people. Leaders of the criminology organizations will have to commit themselves to the principles of democracy that is, the openness and to debate over public policy. When police make arrests or when a state executes an offender, it is done on behalf of the citizenry. It is incumbent on those would lead the field to be certain that the citizenry is informed thoughtful in its understanding and expectations of criminal justice policy. This means educating the public about criminal justice in being tolerant of those who would hide the business of justice from their community (Agar, 2001). Along with the need for increased awareness and appreciation of analytical capabilities, there was also a need for those in modern criminology system to have a thorough understanding of the philosophical foundation of the criminal justice system. That includes an understanding of the philosophical positions regarding the roots of crime as well as typical positions regarding justice and fairness in the behavior of individuals and in the process of crimes and punishment (Abram, 1996).   Contemporary views of criminality now stress the integration of both classically oriented assumptions about freewill with more positivistic notions on the etiology of crime. This more modern view requires the acceptance of a new set of assumptions about the nature of crime, the role of the state in the definition of crime, and different implication for crime control. Now, more than ever in the past, research has forced the modern criminology to examine importance of both individual choice and deterministic influences on the cause of crime. Being aware of the importance of pour assumptions about crime allows as to construct policies that are not only more effective, but also more equitable (Aiklo, 2004). Additionally, there are studies focused on patterns of the strategic criminal investigations among its criminals and its importance for the effectiveness of its management plan utilized by the corporation. To have a stronger potential to impact the organizational structure, management, strategies and modern criminology effectiveness compared to its members (Abram, 1996).   Diversity among every people and local situation has become an increasingly more important issue to every organization, people, and organizational productivity. Effective patterns will most likely attract more effective justice; criminal system will also be increased (Aiklo, 2004). In order to minimize the negative effects, if present, the system must ensure that the criminal strategy applied provides the maximum strategic benefit to the citizenry and requires further evolution. These strategies must also be assigned with value in supporting organizational goals; the efficient management of this value can provide greater benefit to the organization (Agar, 2001). The standing/ situation of modern criminology strategies affected by the globalization are studied; the perceptions in the application of these factors affecting the development are also evaluated. After the examination of institutional setting in which these problem occurred, data are collected and found out that changes in the responsibilities inherent in a specific criminal plan of actions, changes in the management strategies and plans required for the proper promotion and as well as the changes in plan prerogatives and effective communication are strongly enhanced by the expansion to international market (Agar, 2001). The impact of their the new system of modern criminology are currently examined and therefore determined that there are significant changes had occurred in the number of factors in the characteristics of judicial planning, in the number and size of the population and in the nature of the crime committed (Aiklo, 2004). These factors discussed are usually implicit in the development of modern criminology, as many organizations and national institutions constructs already exists with the ongoing activities. These factors command and control loop that is present in most existing mechanisms in the world of criminology. These features are effective tools that may be used by any organizations to aid in more effective crime and punishment development in any social settings (Attigod, 2007). Conclusions: Development of Modern criminology is required to facilitate the necessary integration of these judicial and punishment activities so that law enforcer efforts for peace and order are effectively directed and controlled. In these current economic situations the nations and the worlds strategy may be involved planning at several levels of criminology structure. Factors affecting the strategic decision making process of a nation and law making bodies may be the proper developing and maintaining of strategic fit between the punishment and its opportunities. To facilitate growth, the effective integration of methods and philosophies must involve the selection of a tactics to implement punishment and to reach defined goals. Judicial planning differs from other legislative planning in several ways. The plan must involved efficient strategic punishment systems that focus on long term directions and goals. The criminal aspects must have been the direct responsibility of national government and peace keeping body, whereas top management is responsible for the implementation of strategic plans. The advantage of this idea includes the tendency to be detail line by line criminal punishment actions and legal considerations items with tactical approaches that concerned with the rationale used in national plan. One disadvantage of this idea is that the citizens need to adopt a perspective that integrates the proper orientation of laws with tactical benefits of having peace environment. These factors affecting the development of modern criminology s et central commitments for morally responsive concerns, peaceful environment and defined how it can contribute to sustainable growth of the society. The development of the modern criminology builds theoretical foundations that explain why these crimes occurred and test those theoretical concepts by observing their behavior aspects. Criminological concepts help shape the response of society to crimes in terms of responding and preventing crimes after its occurrence

Defining Blackness in How it Feels to Be Colored Me by Zora Neale Hurston :: How it Feels to Be Colored Me

Defining "Blackness" in Terms of "Whiteness" in How it Feels to Be Colored Me  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wald argues that any social critique must work to divest the rhetoric of the dominant discourse of its co-optive power. American rhetoric readily co-opts stories of Black selves through an incorporating language of difference that obscures the actual nature of that difference. Writers of slave narratives and, later, Black autobiographers, countered charges of racial inferiority with testimonies to their industry, ingenuity, and Christian virtues, adopting precisely those terms of the Protestant work ethic through which the culture justified its domination and thereby mitigated their differences(Andrews, 95 ). Defining "blackness" in terms of "whiteness" (reference to the concept of binary opposition in which one term negates the other) submits to the authorization of the dominant discourse and enters into the cultural subjectivity implicit in language. The altemative is equally problematic, however, since the American democratic idealism ensured that any assertion of difference that could not be incorporated into the pervasive national rhetoric was systematically excluded (Wald, 80). Perhaps because of her anthropological training and her doubly marginal status as an African-American woman, Hurston invented a strategy that enabled her to speak from the margins. She employed an African-American language, a symbolic system that reconstituted representation itself and disrupted the dualism of the dorninant discourse. "The Negroes...very words are action words... the suggestiveness of African-American art transforms the spectator into an actor who participat[es] in the performance himself carrying out the suggestions of the performer" (Hurston, 49). Blackness becomes experiential rather than essential, a "quality that permeates and suffuses rather than defines"(Wald, 87). The vitality of the language blurs oppositional boundaries and whatever the meaning of 'blackness' is, the performer and spectator are mutually involved in a relationship that undermines the representation of blackness as sin against a moral white background (Wald, 87). Hurston draws us into the dynamics of"coloration" by redesignating "color" as performance. She inverts her experience of feeling different in a white environment by setting "a white person ...down in our mist," and, again, her "color comes"(Anthology, 1985). Hurston represents the difference in the context of a jazz performance, in which the orchestra "plunges into a number ...constricts the thorax and splits the heart... grows rambunctious, rears on its hind legs and attacks the tonal veil with primitive fury, rendering it, clawing it until it breaks through to a jungle beyond"(Anthology, 1985).

Life Lessons in Maya Angelous Graduation Essay -- American Literature

Life Lessons in Maya Angelou's Graduation Throughout life we go through many stepping stones, Maya Angelou's autobiographical essay "Graduation", was about more than just moving on to another grade. The unexpected events that occurred during the ceremony enabled her to graduate from the views of a child to the more experienced and sometimes disenchanting views of an adult. Upon reading the story there is an initial feeling of excitement and hope which was quickly tarnished with the abrupt awareness of human prejudices. The author vividly illustrates a rainbow of significant mood changes she undergoes throughout the story. From the outset of the story there is an overwhelming sense of hope that has enveloped the entire community and school with the upcoming graduation. The communitie's involvement strengthens the authors excitement in her rite of passage. Everyone is preparing for the ceremony and seeking to see how it will affect the lives of those involved. "Only a small percentage would be continuing on to college" (835) and others were just excited for the "glorious release" (834) from school. She felt like she was on top of the world, after all, "the graduating classes themselves were the nobility" (834). It is obvious how much pride she takes in her community by the way she describes her class as "an extended family." (834). The author's school was not the most impressive school compared to the white schools in the area but that could not damper the spirit that was filling the air. Parents who were buying or making new outfits for their graduates made everyone including the author the center of attention. Her "momma launched out on [hers]," (835) and she was swollen with pride that she was going to be a walking mod... ...fe she really knew and felt deep down to the core of her being what the words truly meant. The words had brought back her hope and pride in herself and in her community. What Leavy had said was a fallacy and they could as they have in the past rise above the world's bigotry. Righteousness returned to Angelou and the entire community; "we were on top again."(841). During the essay the author lost her innocence but graduated to a deeper appreciation and clarity of who she is and who she could become. In her school with no visible fences keeping the children within the schoolyard, there were the invisible fences of racism that tried to limit them from reaching their full potential. The author concludes, "I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death" (841). Works Cited: Angelou, Maya. 'Graduation.' Cromley 29-39.

Legal, Ethical, and Risk Management †You Decide Essay

I would like to begin by giving you a summarized scenario of assignment this week. My role in this scenario is an Event Leader for a tradeshow and exhibition. At the day of the event, I was standing by the loading dock with sweat dripping down my eye brow. As dozens of trucks and other vehicles line up for what seems like miles in the distance. As the sun continued to beat down on the loading dock, the union representatives begin to exchange words with me about who has had the jurisdiction of work. Finally, I glanced at my watch and realized that the loads-in for the event was running two hours behind schedule, thus incurring thousands of dollars in overtime charges. And this was only the beginning of trials for the trade show. Once the doors to the exhibition opened, hundreds of buyers streamed in and promptly clogged the aisles on one side of the exhibit floor. For nearly four hours, buyers virtually ignored exhibitors on the other side of the exhibit floor. A few minutes after the exhibition began. Several exhibitors complained to me that the other exhibitors were playing loud music and stepping into the aisles to bring more people into their booths. The legal counsel for the exhibition center John Reed He reminded the exhibit manager that it is illegal for an exhibitor to play music without permission from the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers or Broadcast Music, Inc. Fred Meyers, the union representative of the exhibit hall, was having some heated words about the jurisdiction of work with me. Then I notice that I was running two hours behind getting the exhibit materials into the exhibit hall. Sam Smith, the Exhibition Manager, is getting concerned about the problems developing with loud music in some exhibitor’s booths, the labor jurisdiction of work for the union, the issue of overcrowding, and the activities conducted in the booths. He requested that I give him a report so these issues would be solved before the next trade show which will begin following week. And these are the following objectives that I have to comply with his request as a report for me to submit. What should be included in the exhibitor’s policies, procedures, and practices and regulations? * Eligibility – Each exhibiting company must submit an application and contract for exhibit space or application for other options such as table tops displays, demo and safety plan. If accepted this will become a binding agreement and highlights that our company has the right to deny access to any individual or organization it deems to inconsistent with the goals of the event and its members, rights to reject application that is incomplete and incompliance to requirements, completing the application and reserving booth space proves that exhibitors agree to all rules and regulation of the event and any decisions of the event organizers will be acceptable , and further , that said exhibitor will bound by such decision’s. Eligibility is conditions that an applicant or exhibitors must fulfill. * Indemnity – is a legal philosophy upon which the concept of most insurance policies rests. It’s a protection from loss and damage claims filed by another person. For example, an event goer may have injured themselves from a slip and fall and the exhibitors must have an indemnity insurance to compensate visitors. And for the exhibitors indemnify and hold harmless all organizers of the event , its officers, directors and employees, including volunteers , and members from all liability to any person or persons for or by reason of any condition, defect operation of any apparatus, equipment, or fixtures furnished by the exhibitor in connection with his /her agents, servants or employees. This is to cover the exhibitors to help the visitors and event staffs to get restored to original state and helps the holder from suffering financial loss due to law suit. Exhibitors Insurance – May seems like a minor issue, but the organizers, venues and promoters take it very seriously. A simple trip and fall caused by exhibitors actions and if this policy is not in place can cost the organizers, venues and promoters a lot of money. All exhibitors must have Insurance are part of eligibility to exhibit for the event. * Security – We will not guarantee exhibitors against, nor shall it be responsible for, exhibitor’s materials loss or damage of any kind. All security that was provided by the event organizer is intended primarily for crowd control and credential verification. Exhibitors must provide their own security personnel. * Booth Selections – this should be first come first serve, a rank number are assigned after dues are fully paid. Booth structure and decor guidelines – All aisles, passageways, overhead spaces, public meeting rooms, and other meeting facilities are controlled by event organizers. And exhibitors must adhere to the following. 1) No obstructive booth design is permitted, end cap Booths are not permitted and exhibitors may not sublet, assign or share any part of the space allocated. 2) Banners spanning the public aisle way are prohibited. 3) Displays, furniture’s, etc.  In public aisle ways is prohibited. If the exhibit hall is not carpeted, it is the exhibitor’s responsibility to carpet their booth. 4) Multi story exhibits must receive proper approval from the convention center and / or appropriate local government agency. 5) The maximum height of any island or peninsula booth structure or hanging signs is 20†. 6) No live animals are permitted on the show floor, apart from authorized service animals. 7) No helium balloons are permitted or any high flammable materials on the show floor without approval from the event organizers and proof of contingency plan for safety and precaution. ) No automobiles or any type of vehicles are permitted on the show floor. 9) No offensive or inappropriate signs or decorations permitted. 10) Exhibitors must solicit only at the vicinity of their booth. Any space not partially occupied at least 30 minutes prior opening. Will be forfeited by the exhibitor and can be used by the event organizers in any manner, without refund, unless arrangements for delayed occupancy have been previously approved by the event organizer. All booths must be ready for the show by the walk through inspections. The exhibitor agrees to maintain decorum in and around his exhibit space that will not offend or disturb other exhibitors. Exhibitors must police their own booths to be sure the noise levels from demonstrations or sound system is kept to a minimum and does not interfere with others. Demonstration areas must be organized within the exhibitor’s space so as to not interfere with any traffic in the aisle, and sampling or demonstration tables must be placed a minimum of 2 feet from the aisle line so as to prevent accidental injury to spectators. Should the spectators interfere with the normal traffic flow in aisle ways, or overflow into neighboring exhibits, the presentation will be limited or eliminated. Booths must be staffed at all times the exhibit hall is open. How do you design the exhibit floor to avoid crowding, gridlock, and other crowd control issues? In the initial planning stages for major crowd events a number of considerations that we should addressed in advance. * Does the site have adequate access and staging area for large numbers of emergency vehicles in a major incident? Is access to, and road network within, adequate, or would emergency responders have to walk significant distances to the principal spectator areas? * Once on site, is there sufficient room for staging or maneuvering, to permit repositioning or redeployment of emergency vehicles as directed by the incident? * Due to the nature of road access would early arriving vehicles be prevented from leaving by gridlock produced by subsequently arrivin g equipment? * Is the location served by an access road or street which could be closed to the public and used only? If so, what and where will be the de tour plan? * Do we have enough parking for all spectators? Is event staff in place to guide spectators where to park , and stop others when parking lot is full and give directions where else can park their vehicles. Are there nearby areas for overflow parking? Are shuttle busses desirable, feasible, or necessary? * Does the location allow for adequate crowd regulation, e. g. existing regiment seating areas, flow barriers, ect.? * Are spectator overflow areas available to prevent crush, should spectator turnout significantly exceeds expectations? Is the surrounding road network able to handle the anticipated spectator vehicular traffic? * If the parking lot is full, will the road network allow continued vehicle flow thus preventing gridlock? Using a swot analysis will also help prevent crowding, gridlock and other crowd control issues. What do you do if an exhibitor violates regulations? * A violation to the regulations of an event will result in c ancellation of exhibit space during the event without refund. The event organizer reserves the right to impose limitation on noise levels and any other methods of operation which becomes objectionable. An immediate removal of all persons and goods. The exhibitor shall pay all expenses and damages that may incur through the enforcement of this rule. How do you communicate effectively with union workers? * Approach managing all employees the same way, whether they’re represented by a union or not because effective management applies to both: being honest, communicating, well and often, listening to and resolving issues as they arise, recognizing and rewarding good performance, and creating an environment of trust and respect and that’s you would treat everyone as employee’s, vendors, and unions. Union workers mean well in their actions and they are there to help. The best practice is to work with them as though they are an extra eyes and ears for you – like a partner helping to manage as we all would. Utilized effectively, they can be helpful ally to you. When opportunity arises, resolve dispute quickly and fairly. Formal grievance procedures are standard in most union contracts, but they’re there only if you are unable to resolve the problem or disagreement. Speak to the people in your organization who can help you, like supervisor or human resources, then work openly with your shop steward’s and your employees. Know what you want because you will have to put it in writing. They value contracts and this replaces hand books and they are â€Å"hard and fast† rules that govern your relationship with these employees. Review your nonunion policy and make sure they are similar ensure fairness. Key is to be fair. What are some creative solutions to ensure that buyers visit underutilized areas of the exhibit area? Ahead of time before the event starts, use the power of the media to attract attention to your company’s display at the show. This section provides the strategies, tool and tips you need to create successful press releases and press kits. Try to conduct some press conferences as well to orient spectators of what are the exiting things to expect and once the event starts , spectators will come to your booth even it is located far, far away or back behind everyone else, spectators will come and see you for the specific things that they need. I strongly believe that an effective public relations effort begins before the show, continues at the show and pays big dividends for your company if you keep it up after the show. Sales are not only a job it’s a relationship committed to do better for your company and all it takes in your part is your sincere friendship. You can start by sending e-mail blast to every prospect that you have and arrange appointments; just make sure you set your appointments not to close to each other and may clash cause problems. Have visual effects of your product on the show, customer’s loves pictures, better yet a presentation that explains your product. Don’t settle with just free key chains and pamphlet’s because you can give them out all day long but what is important is they know what you are selling and understand the value of what’s in it for them. And to keep them lingering around you booth, I would suggest to be creative on obstacles of marketing, like preventing distraction to your prospect. Prospects on events usually come with family with kids; having toys or an amusement area for them and this will relieve the adults to focus on what you are selling. Do roulette games and door prizes that usually work in my personal experiences. Refreshments and cookies never fails, they probably come to your booth first before anything else. And lastly , after the event is over ; make sure all your leads receive a follow up with requested information, asking them how was the event, and any suggestions, and what did you like most and the least using personal phone calls, direct mail, faxes or e-mails to respond back to you . and this will help also to retain contacts and invite them back for another successful event like how you did in the past and specially improved. Happy Selling!

KFC †Marketing Strategy Essay

The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the marketing strategies of KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken). The researcher will analyze how the organization creates superior value and builds strong relationship to capture value from customers in return. The paper explores facts for building and maintaining profitable customer relationship by delivering superior value and satisfaction. The researcher is going to investigate the social obligations of the company to observe the impact organizational  policies on the environment, community, health of the consumer and use of available resource At the end the researcher will suggest how the company can design customer driven marketing strategy for acquiring, retaining and attracting new customers. The paper also focuses on creating superior value and satisfaction through blissful marketing and communication programmes. INTRODUCTION KFC which stands for Kentucky Fried Chicken formed in 1930 and based in Louisville is the world’s famous chicken restaurants chain specializing in original recipe, extra crispy, Kentucky grilled chicken etc. Everyday more than 12 million customers are served in more than 109 countries and regions. KFC operates more than 800 restaurants in UK, more than 5200 restaurants in USA and more than 15,000 restaurants around the globe. KFC is part of YUM brands corporation, the world’s largest restaurant company in terms of system restaurants with more than 36,000 locations around the world. The company is ranked 239# on fortune 500 list, with revenue in excess of $11 billion in 2008. KFC is as committed to the environment as we are to our food and to our customers. We are proud of the steps we have taken so far to reduce our environmental footprint and are committed as a brand to do even more in the in future. It’s an ongoing journey that we’re on and we want to keep you – our customers – informed along the way! KFC introduced first reusable fast food container in 2010. The company replaced plastic plates with paper serving boxes and reduced use of non-renewable resources like styrofoam from the restaurants. By 2011 the company will reduce foam and plastic use by 62% and 11% respectively. Note: You can check the entire history of the corporation at http://www.kfc.com/about/pdf/timeline.pdf MARKETING It is the process by which the company creates value for the customers, builds strong relationship with the consumers and captures value in return. (Kotler, 2007) Let’s use the simple model of marketing process to assess the secrets behind the success of KFC. UNDERSTANDING THE MARKET The basic reason behind the success of KFC is their ability to understand the marketplace and needs of the customers. KFC conducts consumer research to go great length in learning about their market, competitors and customers. Consumer’s wants are satisfied by providing superior value and satisfaction. Other factors behind such a resounding success are the capability of company to understand whom to serve, how to serve by integrating customer driven marketing strategy and how to capture the value in return to build long term profitability. The company has adopted the concept of increasing the share of the customers rather than increasing product market share. CHOOSING A VALUE PROPOSITION After successful segmentation the company decides about how it will serve the customers to differentiate and position itself in the market place. Through value proposition the company creates set of benefits that distinguish itself as a premium brand in the market. the company provides superior food and dining experience to kids, families and visitors in order to discover dinning and to differentiate itself from competitors. The company offers products that offer most in quality, performance and taste. Due to service oriented nature of the hospitality industry; the company maintains customer-centred sense of marketing by developing the right products for their customers instead of finding the right customer for their products. MARKETING STRATEGY The primary goal of developing a customer driven marketing strategy is to build strong and profitable relationship with the customers for accomplishing short and long-term organizational goals. Through market segmentation, targeting and positioning the company divides its overall market into smaller segments to be served effectively. It identifies the needs of the target market by selecting the most promising segments and then delivers premium value in order to foster customer satisfaction and loyalty. In order to design a best marketing strategy and marketing mix; the company makes use of environmental analysis, marketing analysis, planning, implementation and control measures. To survive and be competitive in the market; KFC designs customer oriented strategies to win customers from their competitors and to grow by delivering superior value. The managements is aware about the cost of having dissatisfied customers who disparage the products to other individuals. Therefore they design products and services that are appealing to all the consumers. MARKET SEGMENTATION At first place the company decides whom it will serve? By dividing the target market into different segments like Family, Kids, Visitors, Tourists, Professionals, age, region, culture etc and then developing superior value for specific segments. Market segmentation enables the company to select and serve only those segments offering the best opportunity for achieving the organizational goals and objectives. Consumers are grouped and served based on demographic and geopgraphic factors. The segmentation also enable the company to analyze the behavioural patterns, affordability, best communication and delivery channel. TARGET MARKETING After the careful selection of the segments, the company evaluates the attractiveness and profitability of available segments. Based on such findings the company selects segments pledging for superior customer value, generating more profitability and where it can sustain value over time. MARKET POSITIONING In order to make a clear, distinctive and desirable product image before the target market; KFC makes use of competitive intelligence to get useful information about their competitors for gaining competitive advantage in the market, benefiting from first mover advantage (FMA) and for having a competitive prices. The company sustains the competitive advantage by having lower prices than competitors and providing more benefits. The company differentiates itself through by rewarding customer loyalty and appreciating staff’s or customer’s input for customizing their menu. Another useful tactic used by the company is the selection of medium through which the information is distributed (disseminated) to the general public for  maintaining the desirable brand recognition and picture. The company effectively uses all the available media (print, electronic etc) for targeting the potential customers and creating a distinct corporate image. MARKETING MIX It is the set of controllable tactical marketing tools that the company blends in order to get the desired response from the target market (Kotler, 2005). It includes everything that the company aspires to influence demand in the target market. PRODUCT KFC offers tasty and convenient food to customer at nominal prices. The company produces products for family, kids and people of age groups to discover dinning. Although company has done alot for offering quality food to the target market but critics point that hamburgers, friend chicken, fries, and snacks contain high fat and salt. Sometimes meals are â€Å"Super sized† leading to over eating and becoming an evident cause of obesity epidemic. Although the products are wrapped in convenient packaging but raise demands for handling substantial waste and pollution. KFC being the largest fast food supplier generates tons of solid waste every day where significant percentage isn’t recyclable and lasts longer on the landfills. Therefore in the shorter run the company is satisfying consumer needs but creating environmental problems in the longer run. The company has a reputable image and brand name in the world for producing quality food with essential nutritions, healthy ingredients, low calories and drinks containing needed minerals. Customers can easily get the information about the products from the company’s website with guidance on how the product is made, customer can also customize product on their own premises and change the ingredients to their likings. All the burgers are filled with chicken breast only. Recently the company invest The company invests  £1 million per annum to switch to nutritionally superior high oleic rapeseed oil; following that recently company announced to use only high oleic rape seed oil in all products and aborting the use of palm oil. The company has variety of things distinguishing itself from the competitors  operating within the same industry. Some of the defining aspects distinguishing company from its competitors are easy to cook food, elegant packaging and status value. Buyers don’t estimate the product’s values and costs objectively and are only persuaded by perceived image of the company and its food in the market. PRICE The company deploys yield management to come up with competitive prices for their products. The prices are really low due to large number of players penetrating in the same market or industry and satisfying consumer needs. More than anything it’s the â€Å"brand identity† influencing people to acquire the product. The company also uses â€Å"Augmented Product† concept in order to boost the sales, provide special discounts and schemes for rewarding loyalty. The company has s different prices for different segments based on number of servings. PLACEMENTS The company greatly emphasizes on customer convenience for obtaining products/services therefore have designed free standing outlets so that customer’s are not few minutes walk away from the outlet, suburbs, cities or high street. The outlets are positioned at all major shopping malls, train stations, cities, city centres and suburbs so the cost of reaching the market, acquiring and disposing the product is low. Apart from expressing deep concerns for customer health issues; the company directly interacts with the target market by providing toll free number and facility to go online for reserving orders. The company has also adopted the concept of â€Å"Direct Marketing† where consumers can buy virtually anything without going to the outlet by telephone, mail-order catalogue or by visiting online. KFC uses www.kfc.co.uk or www.kfc.com for direct marketing. PROMOTION KFC deploys different activities for communicating the merits of their products and persuading customers to obtain their products/services. The company uses print and electronic media to target the potential customers  and for maintaining a distinctive image of their products/service before the public. KFC has the presence on different social websites such as Facebook, Flickr and Linkedin to promote the products. The company spends considerable amount of money for Advertising and Selling. The marketing experts design different TV Ads for promoting the products, targeting the individuals, disseminating the merits of products and attracting new ones. The company also uses bill boards, sign boards, print publications, brochures, magazines, printing success stories in the newspaper and forming partnership with other famous organizations to boost selling and preserve an elative face before the public. Recently the company was ranked as a Britian Top Employer and recognized as a great place for work on the basis of following catalyst characteristics performance recognition culture, friendliness, team work, career progression, advancement and development opportunities. MANAGING THE MARKETING EFFORT Apart from being good at marketing, KFC pays significant attention to management that includes in depth market analysis, planning, implementation and control. The company gathers lot of information about the market to analyze whether the window of opportunity is opened for their products before actually marketing products to the target market. The company first develops marketing oriented mission statement, then develop strategic plan for products, services, brands and target markets. After thorough consideration and planning the company turns plan into actions. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS The environmental or PEST analysis is used to assess the industry in which the company is operating and is used in conjunction in SWOT Analysis to find out major opportunities or threats facing company. The company can use such techniques to examine the internal or external forces affecting their ability to provide superior value to customers at a fair price. The pest analysis of the KFC is as under POLITICAL KFC has partnered with several government and non-government organizations to effectively circumvent barriers influencing to deliver premium value to  customer. Many consumers and environmental groups have raised their voice against fast food giants providing junk and unhealthy food to consumers. Critics suggest that hamburgers, French fries, fried chicken etc are high in fat and salt. The government has also restricted the fast food giants not to market the food to under age groups and regulated the companies to modify their product menu that doesn’t contribute to national obesity epidemic. Critics feel that fast food companies are harming consumer health and providing fat food. Recently KFC signed up to the Government’s Public Health Responsibility Deal, promising to include calories on menu boards. The company will also be launching a ‘Lighten Up’ initiative at point of sale by offering customers an opportunity to lighten up their meals for free or by swapping a regular drink to diet, and fries for corn or beans – saving up to 295 calories. The company was also the first QSR to introduce salad to the menu and to stop salting its fries, and eliminated artificial trans fats in 2007 by removing hydrogenated vegetable oils from its menu. Furthermore, a salt reduction programme launched in 2005 has so far cut salt by up to 40% across the menu. The company has adopted fair trade practices e.g having the culture of equal opportunity employment, minority rights, accurately declaring business income, paying taxes. In united states Food and Drug administration, Consumer product safety commission set safety standards for the products and penalize companies failing to meet them. ECONOMIC The management keeps an eye on ongoing economic events so that the company isn’t affected by economic volatilities or uncertainties. The company closely monitors per capita income of consumers in different regions, ongoing inflation affecting buying behaviour and exchange rates limiting their ability to obtain or import material from suppliers. The company gathers all that information to exploit from labour market imperfections in the international arena and from expanded opportunity rationale. SOCIAL The company deploys Societal Marketing in order to maintain the equilibrium between consumer short-run wants and long-term welfare; the company has established strict guidelines for portraying a favourable public image and  to sustain brand recognition. KFC is a company that satisfies the needs of the target market by doing what’s best for them in the longer run? To curb the concerns of consumers and environmental groups the company has taken different initiatives to look after health and safety issues of their employees and customers in particular. Recently the company introduced â€Å"Brazer (non-fried, griddled range†, to consistently improve the nutritional profile of their menu (products), to fulfil promises made about health and to cut down the level of saturated fat. The company has also done partnership and signed memorandums with other organizations to look after public health issues. Recently the company was ranked as a Britain top employer and as a pleasant place to work for individuals. The company executive disclosed that the company provides advancement opportunities to individuals on merit and encourages team work and individual participation. The company established environmental leadership council in 2006, became a member of Considerate Contractor Scheme and presently working with Carbon Trust to reduce energy emissions. The company has also taken initiatives for reducing carbon footprints, making efficient use of natural resource e.g water, electricity etc. The company has also formed alliance with environmental defence system to handle solid waste and maintain environmentally favourable image. TECHNOLOGICAL The company is operating in a rapidly changing environment creating new opportunities and posing threats. The new technology creates new opportunities but the of replacing new technology is always high. The company is aware about the cost of ignoring new technology and its side effects as well. KFC is a company that keeps with the technological changes and refines its product menu on regular basis. Such changes have resulted in much higher research and development costs; due to the complex nature of the technology the marketers and consumers must have technical know how. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT ANALYSIS is the acronym of Strengths, Weakness, Opportunity and threat; is a strategic tools used by the company to analyze the circumstances in which the company is operating. Strengths and Weaknesses are the internal  factors on which the organization has total control where as Opportunities and threats are the external uncontrollable factors. Strengths of KFC * Favourable public image and Brand Equity * Second largest fast food supplier after Macdonalds * Global Existence * Nominal Prices * Customer Convenience * Professional certifications and awards * Proactive management * Britain’s top employer and great place to work * Flexible Franchising bringing considerable revenue * Customer Equity * Organizational culture Weaknesses of KFC * High labour turnover * Junk food * Same taste twice * Lack of innovation * Cultural clash of two titans namely Pepsi and KFC * Hygienic food problems as one of the outlet in America was declared rat infected Opportunities for KFC * Rapidly changing economy and global trends * Increased demand for convenient food * Pursue Conglomerate Diversification for health conscious people * Increased diversity * Global market imperfections * Expanded opportunity rationale Threats for KFC * Saturated Market * Increased Competition * Rapidly changing technology * Legal legislations and political regulations * International political chaos * Low variety * Availability of substitute products * Threat of new entrants * Bargaining Power of Customers * Lack of competitive intelligence * Health and safety concerns * Environmental and Government Regulations ANSOFF’S PRODUCT MARKET EXPANSION GRID It is a portfolio mangement tool for identfying growth opportunities through market penetration, market development, product development and diversification. The model is depicted as Since its inception the company has used different tactics in order to hover around in the international market to market their products to domestic, national and international consumers. DIVERSIFICATION In 1930 the Harland Sanders opened his first restaurant in Corbin in front of gas station. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT In 1937 Sanders Court & Cafà © added a motel and expanded the restaurant to 142 seats. MARKET PENETRATION, PRODUCT AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT In 1960 Colonel’s hard work on the road begins to pay off and there were 190 KFC franchisees and 400 franchise units in the U.S. and Canada. In 1964 Kentucky Fried Chicken had more than 600 franchised outlets in the United States, Canada and the first overseas outlet, in England. In 1971 the company had more than 3,500 franchises and restaurants worldwide when Heublein Inc. acquired KFC Corporation. At the end of 1979 the company had There are approximately 6,000 restaurants worldwide with sales of more than  $2 billion. PRODUCD DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSIFICATION In 2007 KFC introduced a new recipe that keeps the Colonel’s 11 herbs and spices and finger-lickin’ flavor, but contains Zero Grams of Trans Fat per serving thanks to new cooking oil. In 2008 The Colonel had a new look! KFC updated one of the most recognized, respected and beloved brand icons with a new logo. The new logo depicted Colonel Sanders with his signature string tie but replaced his classic white double-breasted suit with a red apron symbolizing the home-style culinary heritage of the brand and reminded customers that KFC is always in the kitchen cooking delicious, high-quality, freshly prepared chicken by hand, just the way Colonel Sanders did 50 years ago. MARKET DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSIFICATION In 2009 KFC introduced Kentucky Grilled Chickenâ„ ¢ – a better option for health conscious consumers to care for their long run welfare in order to capture the entire stream of purchases they would make for the rest of their life. Kentucky Grilled Chicken had less calories, fat and sodium than KFC’s Original Recipe ® chicken, without sacrificing the great taste of KFC. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT In 2011 the company launched first ever non-fried range the Brazer! that is is a lighter, great-tasting alternative to KFC’s existing menu, and includes three new items; a burger, a Twister (a tortilla wrap) and a salad, each of which are lower in calories (by up to 60%), fat (by up to 87%), saturated fat (by up to 82%) and salt (by up to 45%) than regular menu items. The company has been using the Ansoff’s product market expansion grid by introducing the existing products internationally, providing halaal food to different communities opening new market and needs to be satisfied, by modifying the nutritional profile of their menu and by slightly changing the cooking ingredients at times. CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM) AT KFC According to Philip Kotler (2007); customer relationship management is an art of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior value and satisfaction. KFC has developed an extensive database  about their customers in order to track touchpoints where they can deliver superior value and maintain profitable relationship with the customers. The major reason for the success of KFC is their ability to offer products having â€Å"highest customer perceived value† and exceeding the â€Å"customer perceived value†. Another reason of such a phenomenol success is the capability to market products whose perceived performance normally exceeds customers expectations. Beyond offering high quality products; the company has designed several customer loyalty and retention programs by rewarding customers on frequent purchases. The company also uses â€Å"Selective Relationship Managment† by undertaking customer profitability analysis where overall motive is to weed out loosing customers and target winning ones for pampering. The company creates profitable customers by providing exceptional quality products and delivering customer oriented superior value. The company knows that losing a single customer means losing the entire stream of purchases the customer would make over the entire lifetime. The firms leverages CRM to offer great variety to customers in order to increase the â€Å"Share of customers† rather than the â€Å"market share†. KFC examines its relationship with social values, responsibilities and the Earth that sustains it. Recently the company announced to cut the use of plastic by 17% and foam by 62% for the year 2011. The social responsibility and environmental movements have placed even strict demands on the company. As KFC is a forward looking company so it readily accepts the responsibility to the world and people around it. The company views such actions as an opportunity to do well by delivering good (new slogan of the company is â€Å"So Good†). The company compares the â€Å"opportunity cost† of its actions against the long-run interests of the customers and communities. The company has also taken initiatives towards Data Protection and Privacy Issues to curb the misuse, scam or phishing. PUBLIC RELATIONS AT KFC Public relation is an art of managing communication between the organization and the public with an objective to create and maintain favorable public image. KFC uses different communication tools for building awareness about their products and for preserving socially image in the marketplace for their products and services. The company deploys numerous equity or  perceived value and dent the reputation of the organization in the market. All the efforts are aimed at helping the public to understand the company and its products in more depth. The company sends â€Å"mystery shoppers† to different outlets to unveil defects in service or product. The company also gathers a lot of information about the customers and different topics of their interests to leverage relationship for building a strong public image. Apart from using different media in order to influence the public; the comany also deploys lobbying, printing success stories in the newspaper, launching products, posting particular achievements online and by sponsoring UN HUNGER FOOD PROGRAM for providing food to needy people. Recently the company was nominated as the great place to work for individuals and was awarded an award of Britain Top Employer. Such measures play critical role in achieving a competitive edge, attracting high calibre individuals, creating and delivering superior customer value; moreover protecting the well being of the company in the time of crisis. Yum! Brands which is the parent of KFC has formed an Animal Welfare Advisory Council whose role is to get information and advice based on relevant scientific research. The company also obtains positive headlines in the media by showing the commitment to the environment and by productively (efficiently, frugally) using the natural resources. In 2010 the company introduced fast food reusable container. The corporate policy is to reduce the usage of non-renewable resources, cut down the use of Styrofoam and carbon foot prints. In that respect the company is using the concept of â€Å"Subsistence Economy†. The company has also developed guidelines, limitations, and rules (restrictions) for the suppliers in the broiler industry. The company is also proud to be a prominent player in the collaborative effort conducted by National Council of Chain Restaurants and the Food Marketing Institute in developing comprehensive guidelines for all species of farm animals. The company has also i mplemented programs in the area of poultry care and handling. The company has initiated partnership with Barnardo’s, the UK’s biggest charity supporting children and young people to address the issue of youth unemployment. The company is backing the United Nations’ World Food Programme against world hunger by raising over half a million pounds last year – that’s about 3.35 million meals for  children in some of the poorest regions of the world. The company is also implementing the concept of â€Å"product liability† where the manufacturer is responsible for the faulty product or any damages made by the product to the consumer. In the past the companies were sued, dragged in court and evicted on ignoring the product liability obligations. For instance when considering the tragic tampering case in which eight people died from swallowing cyanidelaced capsules of Tylenol; a Johnson & Johnson brand. The company knew that the pills were altered in some stores not in the factory so it decided to recall all of its products. The total recall cost was $240 million in earnings but in the longer run such initiative strengthened customer’s confidence, trust and loyalty in the company. It shows the importance of managing public relations in crisis to preserve the favourable image of the organization. KFC bought the best quality chicken from UK Farms that meet Red Tractor Standards. The company has decided to cut the level of saturated fat by 25%, use of plastic by 17%, use of Styrofoam by 62% and invested  £1 million annually on replacing palm oil with rape seed oil. The company also provides all the nutrition information on the internet so that the consumers are aware about their calorie intake and has reduced the use of salt on menu board. All these initiatives show the dedication of the company towards protecting the long-run welfare of the community and customers. The company was recently conferred with an honorary award of Carbon Trust Standard for continued CO2 reduction. In 2009 the company opened first eco-store with salient energy saving features. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS Based on primary and secondary research; it can be deduced that the company has taken best initiatives to build strong public image, influence people buy their products by effectively leveraging the selective relationship management and in improving work place practices from employment and production perspective. As the study suggests that the company knows the overall impact of its operations on Environment, health of the consumer and reputation of the organization. So it has taken measures to curb the environmental pollution by decreasing the use of plastic and Styrofoam,  reducing calories, saturated oil and fats in the food by replacing palm oil with rape seed oil, reducing salt, providing nutrition information to the consumers, obtaining high quality chicken from british farms and by modifying the nutritional profile of the menu on consistent basis. As suggested in earlier part of analysis the company is also funding the United Nations World Food Hunger Program, joined charity in order to help the unemployed youth and reducing the use of non-renewable resources to certain extent by building eco-stores with some energy saving features. The company is making a significant contribution in the well being of the society and in preserving the natural climate by reducing carbon footprints. All these initiatives are the premium examples of how organization’s create and maintain profitable customer relationship by using public relations, societial marketing and customer relationship management. When observed from the business perspective; the company is operating within a highly saturated market not showing any signs growth for the future. The company can increase the share of their customers by closely analyzing the other cultural values and perceptions. As the company is operating worldwide it can add new products to menu board by undertaking global cultural research analysis and consequently creating superior customer values shaped by consumer’s needs, wants and demands by observing culture. Based on my own judgement it seems like company’s policy is to sell everything to everyone. They should focus on particular segment of the market, closely analyze their needs, carefully select the customers and deliver superior customer value to capture back the value in return. As United Kingdom is the country with rich diversity; so all these issues should be taken into consideration when creating superior customer value, selecting the appropriate communication channel for positioning the product or targeting the customer, crafting an effective message for the public for communicating the merits of the product and designing loyalty scheme. 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