Minorities In The Military Essay -- essays research papers

In the year 1965, the United States sent troops to Vietnam to aid the South Vietnamese against the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese. As the fighting increased, the United States was in need of more troops in order to support its commitment to South Vietnam. Therefore, thousands of Selective Service registers were called and drafted. The United States also asked its closes ally the Philippines to help brand troops to South Vietnam and in addition this, the United states requested for an increase of recruitment for the United States Navy in the region. Thus, the U.S. enlisted thousands of Philippine natives, including myself.My involvement started in July of 1968, when I was flown to the United States beginning my military training in San Diego. Recalling the eight weeks of hard, intensive training, I still considered myself fortunate to be enlisted in the United States Navy. Although, when I did grad boot camp, I cherished the prize of rest and recreation for 72 hours. M y short-lived vacation began with a group of my fellow Filipino recruits. We decided to fool a bus to downtown San Diego. As we boarded the bus, I stopped in confusion when I noticed a sign with Black written at the back section of the bus. Looking for the driver for direction, I was informed by the driver that was no longer enforced. Even with him saying this, I still sit down in the middle row since my skin color fell in between black and white. As we arrived downtown, I experience culture shock. The town was prismatic and filled with live entertainment. Although, I did want to spend more time exploring the place, my vacation time was up and I had to go back to the base. As our fellowship gathered for the last day, we waited for our next order of job training. I was curiositying why Filipino recruits and few African American were sepa telld. Having the same order to swear out SD A school (Steward), we are not aware that our General Classification Test was high enough to be q ualified in other ratings. This difference was puzzling to me since, the Americans I knew back in the Philippines were good people and America itself is known to be the land of opportunity. Despite this slight discrimination, I had accepted my rate and still considered American as good people of good will. My very first day in steward school was a terrible and unforgettable one. I wa... ...aturalization Service office told me that I was not qualified for naturalization since my 6 years time in the military was a broken residency. The time, I had accumulated in the service was least than five years in Continental United States. Although I spent six years in the U S Navy, the three six-month tours in Vietnam did not count toward the requirement for naturalization. I signed up again for four year, and waited my time to sworn in for naturalization. I was now an official U.S. citizen gaining all the rights of one. Therefore, I expected my treatment to be equal to those Caucasian decen t. As I look back, I still wonder the Navy allowed certain races to be assigned as stewards. Through thinking the Political science class of Professor Robert Bacon, I realized the mistake of our forefathers in writing the constitution in allowing slavery practice. Applying this to the Navy, I also realize how it was allowed that certain races were assigned to be a steward. In conclusion, I am thankful for the individual rights ruling of chief Justice Earl Warren. Through this ruling, many benefited from it especially minorities, as myself, in the United States.

The Repetitive, Meditative Style of Lawrences Birds, Beasts, and Flowe

The Repetitive, Meditative Style of Lawrences Birds, Beasts, and FlowersD. H. Lawrence is not a formalist. He derives his free verse style from prolonged get down with imaginative essays in which he objectively and vividly contemplates things, people, and places in their singleness rather than in their relationship to each other. Lawrences purpose, according to Gilbert, is knowledge through venture he essays to know something . . . intuitively . . . obliquely . . . fragmentarily not through orderly ratiocination, but through emotional perception. As his style developed, Lawrences essays became increasingly idiosyncratic, increasingly elliptical, instinctive and jazzy, as though reflecting the process rather than the product of thought. Gilbert finds Birds, Beasts, and Flowers, Lawrences sixth volume of poetry, written in a casual, improvisational, unfinished style that functions not scarce as a means of communication but also as a process of discovery (131-32). Building on G ilberts studies, an examination of Fruits, the first sequence of the nine-part Birds, Beasts, and Flowers, reveals that Lawrences repetitive, contemplative style employs three types of repetition. Fruits, an archetypal sequence about eating fruit and being changed by its magical properties, admits readers into Lawrences meditations and his Blakeian journey to the natural world (Gilbert 333). The poet/narrator tantalizes his dainty countrymen by suggestively dangling fruits that hold a secret that can be experienced with the senses, but cannot be grasped intellectually (Lockwood 105). Lawrence accomplishes his poetic journey through revisions of myths. The fount poem, Pomegranate, which alludes to the myth of Pers... ...h life with family and friends (Unterecker 241). Works CitedFrench, Roberts W. Lawrence and American numbers. The Legacy of D. H. Lawrence, Jeffrey Meyers, ed. New York St. Martins P, 1987. 109-34. Gilbert, Sandra M. Acts of Attention The Poems of D. H. L awrence. Carbondale Southern Illinois UP, 1990. Lawrence, D. H. Birds, Beasts, and Flowers. New York Thomas Seltzer, 1923. Lockwood, M. J. A Study of the Poems of D. H. Lawrence Thinking in Poetry. Houndsmills, England MacMillan P, 1987. Murfin, Ross C. The Poetry of D. H. Lawrence Texts and Contexts. Lincoln U of Nebraska P, 1983. Unterecker, John. Of Father, of Son On Fergus Falling, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps, and Angling, a Day. On the Poetry of Galway Kinnell The Wages of Dying, Howard Nelson, ed. Ann Arbor U of Michigan P, 1987. 227-41.

Potential Problems When Healthcare Professionals Accept Gifts from Pati

The role of doctors, nurses and physicians in general is to help out their patients and micturate them healthy. The patients pay for their treatment, but some may feel that their payment is not enough or may want to give extra. This exchange of money for divine service is extremely personal since this service is the provider of their continued health, or at least genuine attempts to do so. Since it is so personal, patients may feel that they are remedy in debt to their health care providers even if proper payment was done. These patients may give their healthcare professional a bounty to show their thanks. Should the healthcare professional borrow or reject these gifts? Currently, it seems that the decision is up to the healthcare professionals discretion.To begin with, some sort of loose definition must be square off for the types of gifts that are being discussed. Gifts that would be deemed as just a thanks between a healthcare professional and a patient are also the most co mmon types of gifts (Spence). These are chocolate and liquors, which have low monetary value and cannot be exchanged easily for their face value meaning, once the healthcare professional receives these gifts they are most likely stuck with them. This is important, because gifts other than money usually have some thought process behind them and requires more effort to go out and accquire them. This would mean that the patient is thinking about the doctor and that their thanks are most likely genuine. There can still be transcendental motives behind these genuine gifts, but both sides of the argument have to be laid down before it can be further discussed.If a gift were to be accepted it may taint the rest of the healthcare procedure. As Weijer writes The physician-patient rel... ...el Bible. Web. 14 Apr. 2010..Lavine, Jay. The Thirteen Principles of Jewish medical exam Ethics. Jewish Medicine. 15 Apr. 2008. Web. 28Apr. 2010. .Meir, Asher. self-exaltation or False Pride. Aish. 23 Feb. 2008. Web. 28 Apr. 2010..Proverbs. King James Bible. Online Parallel Bible. Web. 14 Apr. 2010..Spence, Sean A. Patients Bearing Gifts Are There Strings Attached? British Medical Journal 331.7531(2005) 1527-529. BMJ. 24 Dec. 2005. Web. 28 Apr. 2010..Weijer, Charles. Should Physicians Accept Gifts from Their Patients? Yes Western Journal of Medicine175.2 (2001) 77. PubMed. Web. 14 Apr. 2010..

Returning to a Pre-Print Culture Understanding of Music :: Web Internet Technology Essays

Returning to a Pre-Print Culture Understanding of Music If the Web technology identical Napster is eventually incompatible with the certain print based recording fabrication, which values individual works (i.e. records, CDs, videos) as commodities, then the paradigm of the current unison industry will have to be heightend drastically. To bridge the gap, something akin to cable service, which uses a flat rate for basic service and then has add-ons like pay-per-view baron be used to curb or at least contain free dissemination of files while still remaining lucrative. This does not change the current industry paradigm so much it simply awards more commodity status to access than product. Last July, Bertelsmann and Napster CEOs met to discuss a subscription partnership. Between the two of them, the expenditure for a subscription to the new Napster was floated at somewhere between $4.99 and $15 a month (Alderman, 171). The problem with this solution is that many people may not be willing to pay for something that they have in the past acquired at no cost. It has been relatively easy to bypass security limitations placed on Napster, and in addition, standardised applications have appeared to compete with Napster, or replace it in the event that access is blocked (i.e. Morpheus, Gnutella, Aimster 2). A more effective solution might be iodine similar to what Grateful Dead lyricist John Barlow proposed in a 1994 issue of Wired Intellectual property law cannot be patched, retrofitted, or expand to contain the gasses of digitized expression We will need to develop an entirely new set of methods as befits this entirely new set of circumstances (Alderman, 20). To completely change the paradigm might involve going back to a pre-individualist, pre-high capitalist system. To keep the industry lucrative, the question that record labels, musicians, and other industry types should be petition themselves is not How can we make money using existing copyright la ws in the networked environment? but How can we still survive as an industry in an environment where copyright does not? A possible alternative, and an option that hearkens back to pre-print culture, is that musicians might be salaried on the basis that they provide a service. Their art would be free for public enjoyment, but the musicians themselves would be compensated on salary to ensure that music continued to be made at its current rate.

Oedipus Rex Essay -- Literary Analysis, Sophocles

Even though Oedipus is a hero, we should not admire him, as the intentions for his actions are self-centered. This distinction is necessary to athletic supporter us better understand the difference between being a hero, and a hero worth of admiration. It is important to know that somebodys admiration must ultimately stem from the intentions of their actions rather than the results of their actions alone, so we can act accordingly in the future. Oedipus is a hero, as defined by Johnston. According to Johnston, a hero is someone who confronts fate in a very personal manner and whose reaction to that encounter serves to illuminate for us our own particular frame (Johnston, Part 2). Oedipus definitely confronts fate in a personal manner. Among other things, he challenges the mysterious qualities of fate by pursuing the Shepherd despite warnings from Jocasta (Sophocles, 71). Oedipus follows finished on confronting fate with his individual approach of uncompromising persistence and in tegrity (Johnston, Part 3). Even at the end of his downfall, Oedipus maintains that Kreon should banish him and that he must observe the curses he himself ordered for the murderer of King Laios (Sophocles, 89-90). Despite being so broken and publicly shamed, Oedipus still persists with his former way of interacting with fate noble insubordination (Johnston, Part 3). Although this quality itself is admirable, Oedipus takes uncompromising to the extreme, losing insight on everything else. Oedipus effects ignorant to his surroundings, leading to his downfall (Johnston, Part 3). Oedipus story also challenges the fundamental belief that life should be rational and just. (Johnston, Part 3) His story illuminates that fate is arbitrarily cruel and will sometimes pick the gre... ...gender, she did not let this discourage her, but rather become the motivation to start the Million Signatures Campaign, demanding an end to legal discrimination against women in Iranian law. For her work, Eba di received death threats against herself and her family and had to seek refuge in Canada as the accepted regime increased its prosecution of political dissidents. Although Ebadi, like Oedipus, had to ultimately live outside their community for living completely on their own terms, she was motivated by her intention to better the lives of others living in a similar situation as she once faced. On the other hand, Oedipus, although caring for the wellbeing of Thebes, is must much motivated to realize his greatness and sense of self than to rid Thebes of its worries. The difference of intentions makes Ebadi the admirable hero, and Oedipus, just a heroic man.

Oedipus Rex Essay -- Literary Analysis, Sophocles

Even though Oedipus is a hero, we should not admire him, as the intentions for his actions are self-centered. This distinction is necessary to help us better understand the leaving between being a hero, and a hero worth of admiration. It is important to know that somebodys admiration must ultimately stem from the intentions of their actions kind of than the results of their actions alone, so we can act accordingly in the future. Oedipus is a hero, as defined by Johnston. According to Johnston, a hero is someone who confronts mountain in a very personal manner and whose reaction to that encounter serves to illuminate for us our own particular condition (Johnston, Part 2). Oedipus definitely confronts fate in a personal manner. Among other things, he challenges the mysterious qualities of fate by pursuing the Shepherd despite warnings from Jocasta (Sophocles, 71). Oedipus follows through on confronting fate with his individual onslaught of uncompromising persistence and integrity (Johnston, Part 3). Even at the death of his downfall, Oedipus maintains that Kreon should banish him and that he must obey the curses he himself ordered for the murderer of top executive Laios (Sophocles, 89-90). Despite being so broken and publicly shamed, Oedipus still persists with his former way of interacting with fate noble defiance (Johnston, Part 3). Although this quality itself is admirable, Oedipus takes uncompromising to the extreme, losing perspicacity on everything else. Oedipus becomes ignorant to his surroundings, leading to his downfall (Johnston, Part 3). Oedipus story also challenges the fundamental belief that life should be rational and just. (Johnston, Part 3) His story illuminates that fate is arbitrarily cruel and will sometimes pick the gre... ...gender, she did not let this discourage her, but rather become the motivation to start the Million Signatures Campaign, demanding an end to legal discrimination against women in Iranian law. For her work, Ebadi received death threats against herself and her family and had to seek refuge in Canada as the current regime increased its prosecution of semipolitical dissidents. Although Ebadi, like Oedipus, had to ultimately live outside their community for living completely on their own terms, she was motivated by her intention to better the lives of others living in a similar situation as she once faced. On the other hand, Oedipus, although caring for the wellbeing of Thebes, is must more motivated to realize his greatness and smell of self than to rid Thebes of its worries. The difference of intentions makes Ebadi the admirable hero, and Oedipus, just a heroic man.

Africans Living With Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionIn January 2000 the United Nations Security Council held an historic meeting for the first clip the Council declaring that human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is wellness issues of security menace ( Elbe, 2002 ) 1 . In 2006, the US National Security Strategy decl ared that the hazards to societal order are so great that traditional public wellness attacks may be unequal, asking new schemes and responses ( Collins. 2007, pp 422 ) 2 . the shifting in the security conceptualisation to including the dis loosening threats as unmatched of grounds which concern the homo, national and planetary security.In 2009, HIV/ assist killed 1.8 billion people, 1.3 million of whom were populating in sub-Saharan Africa. Major advancement has been made in presenting biography-saving intervention for people populating with HIV/AIDS, further 15 million people are in demand of intervention globally, 10.6 million of whom are populating in Africa ( Alexand ra E. Kendall, 2011, p5 ) 3 .The entire embodiment of Africans populating with HIV or AIDS is now 25.3 million. In 8 African introduces, at least 15 % of grownups are infected. In these states, AIDS will yell the lives of around a 3rd of today s 15-year-olds in Africa 4 . S step forwardh Africa besides has one of the highest Numberss of kids under 15 life with HIV/AIDS in the universe estimations range from 180,000 to 280,000 5 . It is estimated that over 15 million kids worldwide adopt been orphaned by AIDS, with 13 million of these populating in sub-Saharan Africa. In the worst-affected states, such(prenominal) as Zambia and Botswana, it is estimated that 20 % of kids under 17 are orphans. ( Sophie Lister, 2010 ) 6 .This essay examine the drive factors and the impact of the HIVAIDS on international surveies or security surveies to be exact. I would wish to denote in my study to Africa as instance survey to analyze how this deadly disease affected the life aspects in this part . In the first portion, I will discourse how the bed cover of HIV/AIDS in Africa, where I will touch the major driveways of contagion and transmittal, and besides I will mention to the driving factors of and aid to the growing and spread of HIV / AIDS in Africa, and in the 2nd portion I will mention to the Threats and Effects of AIDS on Africa continent, Where I will reexamine the impact of AIDS on National Armed Forces, Political constancy Of State, consequence HIV/AIDS on Administrative corruptness And besides I will discourse the function of AIDS in impairment of African IdentitiesWhy ranch of HIV / AIDS in Africa Continent? And How?Between 1999 and 2000 more people died of AIDS in Africa than in all the wars on the continent, as mentioned by the UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan 7 . The decease toll is expected to hold a terrible impact on many economic systems in the part. In somewhat states, it is already organism felt. Life anticipations in some states is already diminish ing quickly, while mortality rates are increase. Second millenary began with 24 million Africans infected with the virus. Each twenty-four hours, 6,000 Africans die from AIDS. Each twenty-four hours, an extra 11,000 are infected ( Lester R. Brown, HIV Epidemic Restructuring Africa s Population ) 8 .The master(prenominal) Causes who lead to familial HIV/AIDSThere are merely three important paths of transmittal for HIVFrom infected charge upual fluidsFrom infected bloodFrom infected distaff parent to pamper during gestation and bringing ( if a pregnant adult female is HIV-positive, the babe has a 1 in 3 opportunity of being infected ) 9 .Unprotected sexual intercourse ( either vaginal or anal ) with person who has HIV. Sexual contact. This is by far the most public manner that HIV spreads. HIV is present in the seeds of an septic adult male and in the vaginal fluids of an septic adult female. When two people have sex and exchange organic structure fluids, HIV may lurch from one spouse to the other. Anal sex is riskier than vaginal sex because the anal interweave is more prone to rupturing during sex than the vaginal tissue. HIV is besides transmitted by dint of unwritten sex, though it is much less common. However, if you contract HIV through unwritten sex, transmittal is 100 % for you 10 .Sharing acerate leafs or panpipes with person who is HIV septic. Lab surveies show that infective HIV can get going in used panpipes for a calendar month or more. That s why people who inject medicines should neer recycle or portion panpipes, H2O, or drug readying equipment. This embarrasss acerate leafs or panpipes used to shoot illegal drugs such as diacetylmorphine, each bit good as steroids. Other types of acerate leafs, such as those used for organic structure piercing and tattoos, can besides transport HIV 11 .There are an estimated 250,000 new infections per twelvemonth as a consequence of the reuse of acerate leafs and panpipes 12 , and in Africa 250 to 500 people are freshly infected with HIV each twenty-four hours as a consequence of insecure blood transfusions 13 .Testing of blood is indispensable but remains absent in many low and middle-income states 14 .Infection during gestation, childbearing, or breast-feeding ( mother-to-infant transmittal ) . Any adult female who is pregnant or sing going pregnant and thinks she may hold been exposed to HIV-even if the exposure occurred old ages ago-should explore testing and guidance. Those who test positive can acquire drugs to forestall HIV from being passed on to a foetus or baby, and they are counseled non to breast-feed 15 .Driving Factors for Spread HIV/AIDS in AfricaImpact Of Poverty On AIDS In AfricaAlthough there are legion factors that lead to the distributing HIV/AIDS in Africa continent, it is mostly recognized as a disease of poorness, hitting hardest where people are marginalized and enduring economic adversity.The intensifying poorness across the continent has created produ ctive land for the spread of the HIV/AIDS and infective diseases. Worsening living conditions and decreased entree to basic wellness services have led to distribute of AIDS/HIV 16 .Lack of money is an obvious challenge, it can drive many immature adult females and misss into forms of sex work in order to underwrite their support or that of their planetary house, or else to obtain safe transition, nutrient, shelter or other resources. Emergencies can besides take to new forms of sex work, for case, in Mozambique the influx of human-centered workers and transporters, such as truck drivers, can do sex workers to travel to the country. In northern Kenya, for case, drouth has led to a lessening in clients for sex workers, and the consequence is that sex workers are less able to defy their clients refusal to have on rubbers 17 .Human Demographics and BehaviorPopulation growing, peculiarly in the Africa, will go on to ease the transportation of AIDS pandemic among people and parts. Fr equent and ofttimes sudden population motions within and across boundary lines caused by pagan struggle, civil war, and paucity have been blamed for the spread diseases quickly in affected countries, peculiarly among the refugees. Refugee cantonments, found chiefly in Sub-Saharan Africa, have been identified to distribute of transmittable disease, such as HIV/AIDS. Well over 120 million people lived outside the state of their birth in 1998, and 1000000s more will immigrate yearly, increasing the spread of diseases globally. Behavioral forms, such as unprotected sex with multiple spouses and endovenous drug usage, will stay cardinal factors in the spread of HIV/AIDS 18 .Medical IntuitionAs a consequence of several high profile incidents affecting Western medical practicians 19 every bit good as historically hapless intervention by outside powers, there are high degrees of medical intuition throughout Africa. This misgiving for modern medical specialty is frequently linked to theo ries of a Western Plot 20 of mass sterilisation or population decrease. There is grounds that such rumours may hold a important impact on the usage of medical services 21 .Menaces and Effectss of AIDSAIDS Has Negatively Affected On National Armed ForcesIn footings of the military deductions lifting from pandemic of HIV/AIDS, a convincing statement was proposed that the epidemic has negatively affected national armed forces 22 . ( Elbe,2002 ) notes that HIV rates among African armed forcess are consistently higher than the rates of the populations of the continent at big. He argues that passs are normally recruited from a pool of sexually active age their likeliness to allow unprotected sexual dealingss as a manner to cut down their anxiousness is high. Furthermore, as soldiers trained for combat, they are more likely to valorize violent and unsafe behavior in a military environment that is known to pull sex workers 23 . These facets are thought to be playing a major function in exposing the armed forces to sexually familial viruses such as HIV. It is relevant to foreground the links between AIDS in the military and the hazards for security. It is mention that AIDS is the primary cause of decease in the armed forces 24 . The epidemic can arouse, in already deteriorated ground forcess, a unsafe alter of military capablenesss by doing the loss, of non merely regular soldiers but more significantly, the decease of specialised forces and officers, Estimates of HIV infection rates among regional ground forcess are every bit high as 50 % in Congo and Angola, 66 % in Uganda, 75 % in Malawi, and 80 % in Zimbabwe. It is the figure one cause of deceases in many ground forcess, including those like Congo s which have been at war often over the last decennary 20th, It permeates the southernmost African military to the extent that soldiers ( every bit good as constabulary ) are prohibited from giving blood . Additionally, it was found that a lessening in prepa redness and morale could hold a negative impact on the ground forces abilities to execute their responsibilities, hence undermining deployment effectivity. From a realist ( province ) position, it is possible to reason that this hollowing out and diminution in efficiency of African armed forcess may be perceived by an foe as an chance for onslaught, hence doing HIV/AIDS a significant menace to national security.HIV/AIDS Threatens Political Stability Of StateA big portion of the literature on HIV/AIDS is dedicated to the slanderous deductions of the epidemic on national armed forcess and its deterioration effects on war, while sometimes excluding the extent to which African administration has been affected. It has been argued that HIV/AIDS may set greater strains on already weakened cardinal province establishments, and its erosion effects are said to lend to possible province failure. The epidemic can sabotage African administration by doing the decease of big Numberss of forces indispensable to running efficient regulating establishments. De Waal underscores that authorities retainer with strong semipolitical experience and professional accomplishments are cardinal to good working province organic structures. However HIV/AIDS has doing major losingss among staff possessing those properties. Furthermore, this loss in human resources would damage the lesson of the staying workers further underselling the efficiency of those national organic structures 25 . This has been replicated in several sectors, but the important point is that the virus in Africa has tended to cite the lives of the most productive members of society, who are non easy replaced such as instructors, wellness workers and civil retainers 26 . Second, political discontent refering the handling of the issue by authoritiess may besides originate, endangering the political stableness of the province. As cardinal establishments weaken, the assurance in authorities can diminish, and as McInnes suggests dissatisfaction may emerge from the dependence on opposed assistance 27 . This state of affairs may supply chances for coups, rebellions and other political and cultural battles to procure control over resources leting warlords to make full the power inanity and take control over certain countries 28 . This demonstrates that HIV/AIDS can lend to province failure in Africa and therefore can be considered as a major menace.HIV/AIDS Stimulates Administrative corruptness among authorities employeesIt was highlighted that corruptness has risen amongst authorities functionaries or civil retainers who are unable to tolerate HIV interventions for themselves or household members through lawful agencies 29 . De Waal is of sentiment that HIV/AIDS has negatively impacted population abilities to take part in the political life. He suggests that HIV/AIDS has damaged civil society due to the loss of members in administrations advancing a healthy civil society. Furthermore, because ho usehold precedences lie in caring for the sick, it is apprehensible that the population readiness to take portion in elections has diminished. This combined with the de-institutionalisation of authoritiess through the loss of experient forces can in run lead to the farther centralization of power in the manus of little opinion elite, which already characterized many African authoritiess hence sabotaging the development of democratic procedures at national degree 30 .HIV/AIDS and The Deterioration of African IdentitiesHIV/AIDS can besides be involved in the impairment of individualities among the population of Africa, which can later present menace to African societies. As people infected by the virus are stigmatized, they become more vulnerable 31 . A more ingest mechanism by which the new demographics of AIDS can rise security hazards is through its creative activity of a new pool of orphans, amplifying the kid soldier job. By 2010, over 40 million kids will lose one or both o f their parents to AIDS, including 1/3 of all kids in the hardest hit states. These include 2.7 million in Nigeria, 2.5 million in Ethiopia, and 1.8 million in South Africa.Because, they are HIV positive, their households and communities may reject them, hence losing a sense of belonging. This state of affairs creates chances for warlords to enroll those victims on the land of cultural bitterness for case, therefore fuelling cultural force. A peculiarly vulnerable population group are kids because as celebrated by Singer, this mass of staccato and ill-affected kids is peculiarly at hazard to being exploited as kid soldiers 32 .DecisionTo reason, it is indispensable to accent that HIV/AIDS can be considered as a major menace to African security for several grounds. It has been found that AIDS has had a weakening consequence upon African ground forcess by doing considerable losingss within the ranks particularly amongst persons with long military experience and cut downing soldiers readiness to deploy efficaciously. In Africa, it is established that the disease is progressively deteriorating the political stableness and constitution of democracy in many states of the continent by gnawing their institutional base, in bend increasing corruptness and offering chances for rebellions as despair grows within the population. Therefore, the epidemic creates the conditions of instability within provinces favorable for armed groups to transport out onslaughts against the constitution and other enemy cultural groups. The likeliness of this scenario is reinforced by the loss of individuality that groups of population suffer. Those who have lost fond regard will turn to violence for endurance, which strengthens cultural groups and their inclination to prosecute in cultural force.Bibliography & A DiariesElbe, S. ( 2002 ) HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa.A foreign Security, A Vol. 27, No. 2.Collins, A ( erectile dysfunction. ) 2007, Contemporary Security Studies, 2nd Edition.Oxford University Press, New York Oxford.Alexandra E. Kendall, February 22, 2011, U.S. Response to the Global Threat of HIV/AIDS Basic Facts.AT THE AFRICAN SUMMIT ON HIV/AIDS, TUBERCULOSIS AND OTHER RELATED INFECTIOUS DISEASES ABUJA, NIGERIA a? 24-27 APRIL 2001.Republic of South Africa, Department of Health, The National HIV and Syphilis Prevalence Survey of South Africa 2007 2008.Sophie Lister, 2010, The Back Story AIDS Orphans Leader s Guide.Lester R. Brown, 2000. HIV Epidemic Restructuring Africa s Population, World Watch Issue Alert, 31 October 2000 hypertext transfer protocol //www.globalissues.org/ term/90/aids-in-africaHIV Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) hypertext transfer protocol //www.stdservices.on.net/std/hiv-aids/details.htm entree day of the month = 26/11/2011.Gloria Edini, Introduction to HIV and AIDS What You impoverishment to Know. hypertext transfer protocol //gloria.taboca.com/artigos/text2.html entree day of the month = 27/11/2012.Basic Facts About HIV/AIDS. hypertext transfer protocol //www.amfar.org/abouthiv/article.aspx? id=3352 How_is_HIV_transmitted? entree day of the month = 26/11/2011.UNICEF Immunization Injection safety .WHO ( 2006, 27th June ) Making Safe Blood Available in Africa .All Africa ( 2009, 30th December ) Africa HIV Transmission Via Transfusions in Continent Remains High .Basic Facts About HIV/AIDS, Op.Ann-Louise Colgan, Hazardous to Health The World Bank and IMF in Africa, Africa Action, April 18, 2002.Samuels, Fiona ( 2009 ) HIV and exigencies one size does non suit all, London Overseas Development Institute.DR.A GORDON NATIONALA INTELLIGENCEA COUNCIL Washington, DC 20505, ( article ) .-hypertext transfer protocol //www.nytimes.com/2007/07/31/opinion/31washington.html date=2007-07-31 entree date=2011/11/26.UNICEF Battling anti-vaccination rumours Lessons learned from instance surveies in Africa .http //www.path.org/vaccineresources/files/Combatting_Antivac_Rumors _UNICEF.pdf entree date=2011/11/26.Savelsberg PF, Ndonko FT, Schmidt-Ehry B. Sterilizing vaccinums or the political relations of the uterus Retrospective survey of a rumour in the Cameroon. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 2000 14159-179.Clements CJ, Greenough P, Shull D. How vaccine safety can go political the illustration of infantile paralysis in Nigeria. Current Drug Safety. 2006 1117-119.Alex De Waal, New-Variant shortfall How Aids Has Changed the Hunger Equation , November 20, 2002, available at.De Waal, A. ( 2003 ) How will HIV/AIDS transform African Governance? .A African Affairs, A 102, pp.1-23.McInnes, C. ( 2006 ) HIV/AIDS and security.A International Affairs, A Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 315-326.Ostergard, R. L. Jr. ( 2002 ) Politics in the hot zone AIDS and national security in Africa.A Third World Quaterly, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 333-350.Peterson, S. ( 2002/3 ) Epidemic Disease and National Security.A Security Studies, A Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 43-81.

Role of Negotiable Instruments

Role of negotiable instrumentnts in boosting trade and commerce Negotiable instruments such as cheques, bills of exchage, prommissory notes etc be playing a lively role In todays boosting trade and commerce. One of the reason behind the expanding of the trade and commerce so rapidly is also the negotialble instruments. In trade the minutes are now becoming aso much depending on the negotiable instruments. Where in commerce also the negotiable instruments are helping us in the following ways.Helpful in Buisness imagine how it is possible to get the business products for resale purpose without the use of money. This is happening just because of the negotiable instruments. Furthur suppose that you want to do a business of refrigrators that you do not have the money to purchase the refrigrators for resale purpose. And also if you do not have any other resource to get the money for purchase you can still purchase the products for your business pupose with the help of the negotiable i nstruments.Negotiables such as promissory note and specially the bills of exchange are specially do for this purpose. Bills of exchange hepling many people who do not have the money to spend money as capital in their business. No need to film cash with you Due to the negotiable instruments it is became so easy to make payments through negtiable instruments such as cheques etc so that the use of cash is not their because most of the quantify when you are taking cash with you anywhere it is not felt secure that because the cash may do theft by any one.In other words you can say that negotiable instruments make us feel confident to deal at any place without the use of cash. Instant reciepts and payments of the dealings and transactions We dont need to wait for days to get money from the bank and from the other places but instead of it we just have to pay in the form of negotiable instrument such as cheque etc so that the people to whom we have to pay would receive that amount inst antly.

Effect of racism from a functionalist’s point of view Essay

One of the most identifiable effects of racial discrimination in education and training is the negative impact it has on the performance of children at school. The chastening to address the needs of minority children and those of migrant workers with, for example, combating racial stereotyping or through formulating school curricula that include modules on minority languages and cultures, whoremonger lead to school curricula which lack relevance for those children. As a result, children may lose interest and become bored at school which in gaming increases the risk that children will drop out early or even fail to attend school at all.The failure to provide curricula adapted to the ad hoc needs of the children of minorities and migrant workers elicit also lead to low literacy rates amongst these groups. Similarly, where a child does not have an adequate grasp of the official language, the failure to provide additional language classes in the official language and to provide cla sses in minority or migrant languages could have the effect of retarding the progress of those children through school.An new(prenominal) long-term effect of racial discrimination is that children learn to accept acts of racial discrimination as the norm. Such learnt demeanor can lead to the desegregation of racial discrimination within society as the norm, with children of minorities or migrants growing up and discriminating against the newest influx of migrants. Thus, a vicious cycle of discriminatory behaviour is produced which reinforces racially discriminatory behaviour.The forced segregation of children of minorities and migrant workers from other children can have serious negative effects on the capacity of these children to integrate with other children and into the society in general. In particular, segregation of children into schools for mentally handicapped children can severely retard the childs progress through school and can affect his or her self-image.Education is arguably the basis of a functionalists beliefs, where children learn social skills and behaviours, these skills help build towards unity in society. Therefore racial discrimination is abhored in their beliefs.

Implementing School Vouchers Program

Most Ameri freighters believe that improving our system of pedagogy should be a top priority for government at the local, state, and Federal levels. Legislators, discipline boards, upbringing professionals, parent groups, and community organizations are attempting to implement innovative ideas to rescue children from failing instill systems, particularly in inner-city neighborhoods. Many of these groups support the voucher program.The standard program proposed in dozens of states across the country would distribute mvirtuosotary vouchers (ranging in determine between $2,500-$5,000) to parents of school-aged children, usually in troubled inner-city school districts. Parents could then use the vouchers towards the cost of tuition at buck private schools, including those dedicated to religious indoctrination. School vouchers talent seem a relatively great way to increase the options poor parents have for educating their children, when in fact, vouchers pose as a serious threat to value that are vital to the health of American democracy.These programs subvert the constitutional principle of separation of church and state and threaten to undermine our system of national education. capital punishment of voucher programs sends a clear message that we are giving up on public education. Even though vouchers would help some students, they will non help all. Public education is for all children, regardless of their religion, academic talents or their ability to pay. This policy has made public schools the backbone of American democracy, helping new-fashioned people grow into responsible citizens.Supporters of the voucher program, include that the program offers parents a choice. In fact, vouchers only guarantee that some parents will have some taxpayers money to put towards a childs private school tuition. No voucher system will cover the total cost of tuition, when tuition in a private school averages $10,000 per year, and the voucher totals less than $5,000. T his leaves the parents still having to pay thousands of dollars, and most families cannot come up with the rest of the money to cover tuition costs.voucher systems do not guarantee that all child who applies will be selected to attend the private school. Many religious schools currently reject two of every three children who apply. The only thing that vouchers guarantee is that taxes will go up. Taxpayers will be forced to foot the bill for the vouchers, but they will have to break apart up the tab for a whole new bureaucracy, including hidden costs like transportation. Vouchers will also force taxpayers to support two entire education systems, public and private.To make things worse, no extra money will be given to the schools that desperately need taxpayers support. Being one of the most diverse countries in the world, the public school system stands as an institution that unifies Americans. Under the voucher program, our educational system, and our country would become more sep arated than it already is. With the help of taxpayers dollars, private schools would be filled with wealthy and middle-class students, and the motivated students from inner cities.Some public schools would be left with fewer dollars to teach and the poorest of the poor and other students who, for one reason or another were not private school material. All these situations would hardly benefit public education. Many studies suggest that vouchers are good for public schools yet, there is little evidence that they will ultimately improve the quality of public education for those who need it most. Proposition 38 would change public education statewide without first experimenting to determine what type of state subsidy would lead to high quality education for most children.Californias public school enrollment exceeds 6 million, and the number of students willing to leave public schools in unknown, but there is an even smaller percentage of the number of spaces existing in private schools for these students willing to leave. (Draper Initiative) Proposition 38 is a huge and costly experiment that hold little accusations of improving student achievement, and does not digest real education choice. In conclusion, school voucher programs undermine two great American traditions, universal public education and the separation of the church and state. kinda of embracing vouchers, communities across the country should dedicate themselves to finding solutions that will be available to every American school aged child. Voucher programs will not allow the parent to make the choice of what school their child attends, but the voucher school will make the choice in which what school students can attend. Voucher schools get the money that taxpayers are paying for, these children to attend these private schools, but these children are still being rejected for many reasons. The end argumentation should be whether or not vouchers will lead to full educational freedom, and most likely it will not.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 3 University

STREELING UNIVERSITY- An institution of high learning in the Streeling Sector of ancient Trantor De regorgee all these claims to fame in the fields of the humanities and sciences a inter tiltable, it is non for those that the University looms large in to daytimes consciousness. It would probably energize come as a rack up surprise to the generations of scholars at the University to k in a flash that in later times Streeling University would be most remembered because a certain Hari Seldon, during the period of The Flight, had been in residence thither for a short time.Encyclopedia Galactica11.Hari Seldon remained uncomfortably silent for a while aft(prenominal) Hummins chill knocked out(p) statement. He shrank within himself in sudden recognition of his own deficiencies.He had invented a new science psycho write up. He had extended the laws of probability in a truly subtle manner to condition into account new complexities and uncertainties and had ended up with elegant equat ions in innumerable unknowns.Possibly an infinite be he couldnt tell.But it was a mathematical game and nothing more than. He had psychohistory-or at least the basis of psychohistory neverthe trivial only as a mathematical curiosity. Where was the historical knowledge that could perhaps give some meaning to the empty equations?He had n wholeness. He had never been interested in history. He knew the outline of heliconian history. Courses in that small fragment of the human story had, of business line, been compulsory in the Heliconian schools. But what was there beyond that? Surely what else he had picked up was merely the b be skeletons that everyone gathered-half legend, the different half surely distorted. S process, how could one say that the Galactic Empire was dying? It had existed for ten m years as an accepted Empire and pull down in the basic piazza that, Trantor, as the capital of the dominating kingdom, had held what was a virtual empire for two thousand years. The Empire had survived the early centuries when whole sections of the Galaxy would now and then wane to accept the end of their local independence. It had survived the vicissitudes that went with the occasional rebellions, the dynastic wars, some serious periods of breakdown. Most worlds had scarcely been troubled by such things and Trantor itself had grown steadily until it was the widely distri excepted human habitation that now called itself the Eternal World.To be sure, in the last four centuries, turmoil had increased somehow and there had been a rash of lofty assassinations and takeovers. But even that was calming down and right now the Galaxy was as quiet as it had ever been. Under Cleon I and before him downstairs his father, Stanel VI, the worlds were prosperous-and Cleon himself was not considered a tyrant. Even those who disliked the Imperium as an institution r atomic bod 18ly had allthing truly bad to say about Cleon, very much as they efficiency rail in aga inst Eto Demerzel. Why, then, should Hummin say that the Galactic Empire was dying-and with such conviction?Hummin was a journalist. He probably knew Galactic history in some detail and he had to deduct the current situation in great detail. Was it this that supplied him with the knowledge that lay behind his statement? In that eluding, just what was the knowledge?Several times Seldon was on the menses of asking, of demanding an answer, but there was something in Hummins solemn face that impedeped him. And there was something in his own ingrained belief that the Galactic Empire was a given, an axiom, the foundation stone on which all argument rested that precludeed him too. After all, if that was wrong, he didnt want to know. No, he couldnt believe that he was wrong. The Galactic Empire could no more come to an end than the Universe itself could. Or, if the Universe did end, then-and only then-would the Empire end.Seldon closed his eyes, attempting to sleep but, of course, he could not. Would he have to study the history of the Universe in order to advance his theory of psychohistory?How could he? Twenty-five million worlds existed, from each one with its own endlessly complex history. How could he study all that? in that respect were book-films in many volumes, he knew, that dealt with Galactic history. He had even skimmed one in one case for some now-forgotten reason and had found it too dull to project even half focussing through.The book-films had dealt with burning(prenominal) worlds. With some, it dealt through all or almost all their history with otherwises, only as they gained importance for a time and only till they faded away. He remembered having looked up Helicon in the index and having found only one citation. He had punched the keys that would turn up that citation and found Helicon included in a listing of worlds which, on one occasion, had temporarily lined up behind a certain claimant to the Imperial throne who had failed to recei ve good his claim. Helicon had escaped retribution on that occasion, probably because it was not even sufficiently important to be punished.What good was such a history? Surely, psychohistory would have to take into account the actions and reactions and interactions of each world-each and every world. How could one study the history of twenty-five million worlds and consider all their possible interactions? It would surely be an impossible task and this was just one more reinforcement of the general conclusion that psychohistory was of theoretical interest but could never be put to any practical use. Seldon felt a gentle push forward and decided that the air-taxi must be decelerating.Whats up? he asked.I think weve come off the beaten track(predicate) enough, utter Hummin, to risk a small stopover for a bite to eat, a glass of something or other, and a visit to a washroom.And, in the course of the next fifteen minutes, during which the air-taxi slowed steadily, they came to a ligh ted recess. The taxi swerved inward and found a parking spot among five or six other vehicles.12.Hummins unspoilt eye seemed to take in the recess, the other taxis, the diner, the walkways, and the men and women all at a glance. Seldon, assay to look inconspicuous and again not keen how, watched him, trying not to do so too intently.When they sat down at a small table and punched in their orders, Seldon, attempting to sound indifferent, said, Everything okay?Seems so, said Hummin.How gage you tell?Hummin let his dark eyes rest on Seldon for a moment. Instinct, he said. Years of news gathering. You look and know, No news here. Seldon nodded and felt relieved. Hummin magnate have said it sardonically, but there must be a certain amount of truth to it. His satisfaction did not last through the first bite of his sandwich. He looked up at Hummin with his mouth full and with a look of hurt surprise on his face.Hummin said, This is a wayside diner, my friend. Cheap, fast, and not ver y good. The nourishments homegrown and has an infusion of rather sharp yeast. Trantorian palates be utilize to it.Seldon swallowed with difficulty. But back in the hotel-You were in the Imperial Sector, Seldon. Food is imported there and where microfood is used it is high-quality. It is also expensive.Seldon wondered whether to take another bite. You mean that as long as I stay on Trantor-Hummin made a hushing motion with his lips. Dont give anyone the word picture that youre used to better. in that location be places on Trantor where to be identified as an aristocrat is worse than creation identified as an Outworlder. The food wont be so bad everywhere, I assure you. These wayside places have a reputation for low quality. If you weed stomach that sandwich, youll be able to eat anywhere on Trantor. And it wont hurt you. Its not decayed or bad or anything like that. It just has a harsh, strong taste and, honestly, you may grow accustomed to it. Ive met Trantorians who spit ou t honest food and say it lacks that homegrown tang.Do they grow much food on Trantor? asked Seldon. A quick side glance showed him there was no one seated in the immediate vicinity and he spoke quietly. Ive always heard it takes twenty sur heartbeating worlds to supply the hundreds of freight ships require to feed Trantor every day.I know. And hundreds to carry off the load of wastes. And if you want to make the story really good, you say that the alike(p) freight ships carry food one way and waste the other. Its true that we import considerable quantities of food, but thats mostly luxury items. And we export considerable waste, c arefully treated into in anxiousness, as important organic fertilizer-every bit as important to other worlds as the food is to us. But thats only a small fraction of the whole.It is?Yes. In addition to tilt in the sea, there are gardens and truck farms everywhere. And fruit trees and poultry and rabbits and immense microorganism farms-usually called ye ast farms, though the yeast makes up a minority of the growths. And our wastes are mostly used right here at home to maintain all that growth. In fact, in many ways Trantor is very much like an enormous and overgrown space settlement. Have you ever visited one of those?Indeed I have.Space settlements are essentially enclosed cities, with everything counterfeitly cycled, with artificial ventilation, artificial day and night, and so on. Trantor is different only in that even the largest space settlement has a population of only ten million and Trantor has four thousand times that. Of course, we have real gravity. And no space settlement can match us in our microfoods. We have yeast vats, fungal vats, and algae ponds vast beyond the imagination. And we are strong on artificial flavoring, added with no light hand. Thats what gives the taste to what youre eating.Seldon had gotten through most of his sandwich and found it not as offensive as the first bite had been. And it wont affect me ?It does hit the intestinal flora and every one time in a while it afflicts some poor Outworlder with diarrhea, but thats rare, and you harden even to that quickly. Still, drink your milkshake, which you probably wont like. It contains an antidiarrhetic that should keep you safe, even if you tend to be sensitive to such things.Seldon said querulously, Dont conference about it, Hummin. A soulfulness can be suggestible to such things.Finish the milkshake and forget the suggestibility.They finished the rest of their meal in silence and shortly were on their way again.13.They were now racing rapidly through the tunnel once more. Seldon decided to give voice to the question that had been nagging at him for the last hour or so.Why do you say the Galactic Empire is dying?Hummin false to look at Seldon again. As a journalist, I have statistics poured into me from all sides till theyre squeezing out of my ears. And Im allowed to publish very little of it. Trantors population is decreasi ng. Twenty-five years ago, it stood at almost forty-five billion. Partly, this decrease is because of a decline in the birthrate. To be sure, Trantor never has had a high birthrate. If youll look about you when youre traveling on Trantor, you wont encounter very many children, considering the enormous population. But just the same its declining. then(prenominal) too there is emigration. People are leaving Trantor in greater numbers than are arriving.Considering its large population, said Seldon, thats not surprising.But its unaccustomed just the same because it hasnt happened before. Again, all over the Galaxy trade is stagnating. People think that because there are no rebellions at the moment and because things are quiet that all is well and that the difficulties of the past few centuries are over. However, political infighting, rebellions, and unrest are all signs of a certain vitality too. But now theres a general weariness. Its quiet, not because people are satisfied and prosp erous, but because theyre tired and have given up.Oh, I dont know, said Seldon dubiously.I do. And the antigrav phenomenon weve talked about is another case in point. We have a few gravitic lifts in operation, but new ones arent being constructed. Its an unprofitable venture and there seems no interest in trying to make it profitable. The rate of technological advance has been slowing for centuries and is down to a crawl now. In some cases, it has stopped altogether. Isnt this something youve noticed? After all, youre a mathematician.I cant say Ive given the matter any thought.No one does. Its accepted. Scientists are very good these long time at saying that things are impossible, impractical, unimportant. They condemn any speculation at once. You, for instance-What do you think of psychohistory? It is theoretically interesting, but it is useless in any practical sense. Am I right?Yes and no, said Seldon, annoyed. It is useless in any practical sense, but not because my sense of a dventure has decayed, I assure you. It really it useless.That, at least, said Hummin with a trace of sarcasm, is your characterisation in this atmosphere of decay in which all the Empire lives.This atmosphere of decay, said Seldon angrily, is your impression. Is it possible that you are wrong?Hummin stopped and for a moment appeared thoughtful. Then he said, Yes, I faculty be wrong. I am speaking only from intuition, from deductes. What I need is a working technique of psychohistory.Seldon shrugged and did not take the bait. He said, I dont have such a technique to give you.-But aver youre right. Suppose the Empire it running down and willing eventually stop and resignation apart. The human species will windlessness exist.Under what conditions, man? For nearly twelve thousand years, Trantor, under strong rulers, has largely kept the peace. Thereve been interruptions to that-rebellions, localized complaisant wars, tragedy in plenty-but, on the whole and over large areas, ther e has been peace. Why is Helicon so pro-Imperium? Your world, I mean. Because it is small and would be devoured by its neighbors were it not that the Empire keeps it secure.Are you predicting universal war and anarchy if the Empire fails?Of course. Im not fond of the Emperor or of the Imperial institutions in general, but I dont have any substitute for it. I dont know what else will keep the peace and Im not ready to let go until I have something else in hand.Seldon said, You talk as though you are in control of the Galaxy. You are not ready to let go? You must have something else in hand? Who are you to talk so?Im speaking generally, figuratively, said Hummin. Im not worried about Chetter Hummin personally. It expertness be said that the Empire will last my time it might even show signs of improvement in my time. Declines dont follow a straight-line path. It may be a thousand years before the final chock up and you might well imagine I would be dead then and, certainly, I will p ull up stakes no descendants. As far as women are concerned, I have nothing but the occasional casual attachment and I have no children and intend to have none. I have given no hostages to fortune.-I looked you up after your talk, Seldon. You have no children either.I have parents and two brothers, but no children. He smiled rather weakly. I was very attached to a woman at one time, but it seemed to her that I was attached more to my mathematics.Were you?It didnt seem so to me, but it seemed so to her. So she left.And you have had no one since?No. I remember the pain too clearly as yet.Well then, it might seem we could both wait out the matter and leave it to other people, well after our time, to suffer. I might have been willing to accept that earlier, but no longer. For now I have a peckerwood I am in command.Whats your tool? asked Seldon, already knowing the answer.You said Hummin.And because Seldon had known what Hummin would say, he wasted no time in being take aback or aston ished. He simply shook his head and said, You are quite wrong. I am no tool fit for use.Why not?Seldon sighed. How a great deal must I repeat it? Psychohistory is not a practical study. The difficulty is fundamental. All the space and time of the Universe would not suffice to work out the necessary problems.Are you certain of that?Unfortunately, yes.Theres no question of your working out the entire future of the Galactic Empire, you know. You neednt trace out in detail the kit and caboodle of every human being or even of every world. There are merely terrain questions you must answer Will the Galactic Empire crash and, if so, when? What will be the condition of humanity afterward? Can anything be done to prevent the crash or to ameliorate conditions afterward? These are relatively simple questions, it seems to me.Seldon shook his head and smiled sadly. The history of mathematics is full of simple questions that had only the most complicated of answers-or none at all.Is there noth ing to be done? I can see that the Empire is falling, but I cant prove it. All my conclusions are subjective and I cannot show that I am not mistaken. Because the view is a seriously unsettling one, people would prefer not to believe my subjective conclusion and nothing will be done to prevent the Fall or even to cushion it. You could prove the coming Fall or, for that matter, disprove it.But that is exactly what I cannot do. I cant find you proof where none exists. I cant make a mathematical system practical when it isnt. I cant find you two even numbers that will yield an odd number as a sum, no matter how vitally your all the Galaxy-may need that odd number.Hummin said, Well then, youre part of the decay. Youre ready to accept failure.What choice have I?Cant you try? However useless the effort may seem to you to be, have you anything better to do with your life? Have you some worthier goal? Have you a purpose that will justify you in your own eyes to some greater extent? Seldons eyes blinked rapidly. Millions of worlds. Billions of cultures. Quadrillions of people. Decillions of interrelationships.-And you want me to reduce it to order.No, I want you to try. For the rice beer of those millions of worlds, billions of cultures, and quadrillions of people. Not for the Emperor. Not for Demerzel. For humanity.I will fail, said Seldon.Then we will be no worse off. Will you try?And against his will and not knowing wherefore, Seldon heard himself say, I will try.And the course of his life was set.14.The journey came to its end and the air-taxi moved into a much larger lot than the one at which they had eaten. (Seldon still remembered the taste of the sandwich and made a wry face.)Hummin turned in his taxi and came back, placing his credit slip in a small pocket on the inner surface of his shirt. He said, Youre completely safe here from anything outright and open. This is the Streeling Sector.Streeling?Its named for someone who first opened up the area to settleme nt, I imagine. Most of the sectors are named for someone or other, which means that most of the names are ugly and some are hard to pronounce. Just the same, if you try to have the inhabitants here change Streeling to Sweetsmell or something like that, youll have a fight on your hands.Of course, said Seldon, sniffing loudly, it isnt exactly Sweetsmell.Hardly anywhere in Trantor is, but youll get used to it.Im happy were here, said Seldon. Not that I like it, but I got quite tired sitting in the taxi. Getting around Trantor must be a horror. Back on Helicon, we can get from any one place to any other by air, in far less time than it took us to travel less than two thousand kilometers here.We have air-jets too.But in that case-I could arrange an air-taxi ride more or less anonymously. It would have been much more difficult with an air-jet. And regardless of how safe it is here, Id feel better if Demerzel didnt know exactly where you were.-As a matter of fact, were not done yet. Were going to take the pike for the final stage.Seldon knew the expression. One of those open monorails moving on an electromagnetic field, right?Right.We dont have them on Helicon. Actually, we dont need them there. I rode on an Expressway the first day I was on Trantor. It took me from the airport to the hotel. It was rather a novelty, but if I were to use it all the time, I imagine the noise and crowds would become overpowering.Hummin looked amused. Did you get lost(p)?No, the signs were useful. There was trouble getting on and off, but I was helped. Everyone could tell I was an Outworlder by my clothes, I now realize. They seemed eager to help, though I guess because it was amusing to watching me hesitate and stumble.As an expert in Expressway travel by now, you will neither hesitate nor stumble. Hummin said it pleasantly enough, though there was a slight twitch to the corners of his mouth. Come on, then.They sauntered leisurely along the walkway, which was lit to the extent one mi ght expect of an overcast day and that brightened now and then as though the sun occasionally stone-broke through the clouds. Automatically, Seldon looked upward to see if that were indeed the case, but the sky above was blankly luminous. Hummin adage this and said, This change in brightness seems too suit the human psyche. There are days when the street seems to be in bright sunlight and days when it is rather darker than it is now.But no rain or snow?Or hail or sleet. No. Nor high humidity nor bitter cold. Trantor has its points, Seldon, even now.There were people walking in both directions and there were a considerable number of young people and also some children accompanying the adults, despite what Hummin had said about the birthrate. All seemed reasonably prosperous and reputable. The two sexes were equally represented and the clothing was distinctly more subdued than it had been in the Imperial Sector. His own costume, as chosen by Hummin, fit right in. Very few were wearin g hats and Seldon thankfully removed his own and swung it at his side. There was no deep abyss separating the two sides of the walkway and as Hummin had predicted in the Imperial Sector, they were walking at what seemed to be ground level. There were no vehicles either and Seldon pointed this out to Hummin.Hummin said, There are quite a number of them in the Imperial Sector because theyre used by officials. Elsewhere, private vehicles are rare and those that are used have give away tunnels reserved for them. Their use is not really necessary, since we have Expressways and, for shorter outer spaces, moving corridors. For still shorter distances, we have walkways and we can use our legs.Seldon heard occasional muted sighs and creaks and saw, some distance off, the endless passing of Expressway cars.There it is, he said, pointing.I know, but let us move on to a boarding station. There are more cars there and it is easier to get on.Once they were safely ensconced in an Expressway car , Seldon turned to Hummin and said, What amazes me is how quiet the Expressways are. I realize that they are mass-propelled by an electromagnetic field, but it seems quiet even for that. He listened to the occasional metallic groan as the car they were on shifted against its neighbors.Yes, its a marvelous network, said Hummin, but you dont see it at its peak. When I was younger, it was quieter than it is now and there are those who say that there wasnt as much as a whisper litre years ago-though I suppose we might make allowance for the idealization of nostalgia.Why isnt it that way now?Because it isnt maintained properly. I told you about decay.Seldon frowned. Surely, people dont sit around and say, Were decaying. Lets let the Expressways fall apart. No, they dont. Its not a purposeful thing. Bad spots are patched, decrepit coaches refurbished, magnets replaced. However, its done in more slapdash fashion, more carelessly, and at greater intervals. There just arent enough credits av ailable.Where have the credits gone?Into other things. Weve had centuries of unrest. The navy is much larger and many times more expensive than it once was. The armed forces are much better-paid, in order to keep them quiet. Unrest, revolts, and minor blazes of civil war all take their toll.But its been quiet under Cleon. And weve had fifty years of peace.Yes, but soldiers who are well-paid would resent having that pay reduced just because there is peace. Admirals resist mothballing ships and having themselves reduced in rank simply because there is less for them to do. So the credits still go-unproductively-to the armed forces and vital areas of the social good are allowed to deteriorate. Thats what I call decay. Dont you? Dont you think that eventually you would fit that sort of view into your psychohistorical notions?Seldon stirred uneasily. Then he said, Where are we going, by the way?Streeling University.Ah, thats why the sectors name was familiar. Ive heard of the University.I m not surprised. Trantor has nearly a hundred thousand institutions of higher learning and Streeling is one of the thousand or so at the top of the heap.Will I be staying there?For a while. University campuses are unbreathable sanctuaries, by and large. You will be safe there.But will I be welcome there?Why not? Its hard to find a good mathematician these days. They might be able to use you. And you might be able to use them too-and for more than just a hiding place.You mean, it will be a place where I can develop my notions.You have promised, said Hummin gravely.I have promised to try, said Seldon and thought to himself that it was about like promising to try to make a rope out of sand.15.Conversation had run out after that and Seldon watched the structures of the Streeling Sector as they passed. Some were quite low, while some seemed to brush the sky. Wide crosspassages broke the progression and frequent alleys could be seen.At one point, it struck him that though the buildings r ose upward they also swept downward and that perhaps they were deeper than they were high. As soon as the thought occurred to him, he was convinced it was true. Occasionally, he saw patches of green in the background, farther back from the Expressway, and even small trees.He watched for quite a while and then became aware that the light was growing dimmer. He squinted about and turned to Hummin, who guessed the question.The afternoon is waning, he said, and night is coming on.Seldons eyebrows raised and the corners of his mouth turned downward. Thats impressive. I have a picture of the entire planet darkening and then, some hours from now, lighting up again.Hummin smiled his small, careful smile. Not quite, Seldon. The planet is never turned off altogether-or turned on either. The shadow of twilight sweeps across the planet gradually, followed half a day later by the slow brightening of dawn. In fact, the effect follows the actual day and night above the domes quite closely, so tha t in higher altitudes day and night change length with the seasons.Seldon shook his head, But why close in the planet and then mimic what would be in the open?I presume because people like it better that way. Trantorians like the advantages of being enclosed, but they dont like to be reminded of it unduly, just the same. You know very little about Trantorian psychology, Seldon.Seldon flushed slightly. He was only a Heliconian and he knew very little about the millions of worlds outside Helicon. His ignorance was not confined to Trantor. How, then, could he hope to come up with any practical applications for his theory of psychohistory?How could any number of people-all together-know enough? It reminded Seldon of a puzzle that had been presented to him when he was young Can you have a relatively small piece of platinum, with handholds affixed, that could not be lifted by the bare, unaided efficacy of any number of people, no matter how many?The answer was yes. A cubic meter of plati num weighs 22,420 kilograms under standard gravitational pull. If it is assumed that each person could heave 120 kilograms up from the ground, then 188 people would suffice to lift the platinum.-But you could not squeeze 188 people around the cubic meter so that each one could get a grip on it. You could perhaps not squeeze more than 9 people around it. And levers or other such devices were not allowed. It had to be bare, unaided strength.In the same way, it could be that there was no way of getting enough people to handle the total amount of knowledge required for psychohistory, even if the facts were stored in computers rather than in individual human brains. Only so many people could gather round the knowledge, so to speak, and communicate it.Hummin said, You seem to be in a brown study, Seldon.Im considering my own ignorance.A useful task. Quadrillions could profitably join you.-But its time to get off.Seldon looked up. How can you tell?Just as you could tell when you were on th e Expressway your first day on Trantor. I go by the signs.Seldon caught one just as it went by STREELING UNIVERSITY-3 MINUTES.We get off at the next boarding station. Watch your step.Seldon followed Hummin off the coach, noting that the sky was deep purple now and that the walkways and corridors and buildings were all lighting up, suffused with a yellow glow.It might have been the gathering of a Heliconian night. Had he been placed here blindfolded and had the blindfold been removed, he might have been convinced that he was in some particularly well-built-up inner region of one of Helicons larger cities.How long do you suppose I will remain at Streeling University, Hummin? he asked.Hummin said in his usual calm fashion, That would be hard to say, Seldon. Perhaps your whole life.WhatPerhaps not. But your life stopped being your own once you gave that paper on psychohistory. The Emperor and Demerzel recognized your importance at once. So did I. For all I know, so did many others. You see, that means you dont belong to yourself anymore.

Impacts Of The Economic Downturn On Health Economics Essay

Undertaking ) Identify and explicate how the economic downturn may jounce continuous and indirectly on the health of people in the UK. Discuss with mention to identify positions on wellness inequalities and socioeconomic position Those who do nt be intimate history atomic number 18 destined to reiterate it. Edmund Burke ( 1729-1797 )1.0 Introduction1.1 Poor wellness affects the unhorse-classes more than significantly and disproportionately than the upper-classes ( Chadwick, 1843 ) . Somewhat before his clip Chadwick cogitate the unequal move of ugly wellness on demean socio-economic groups is evitable. Indeed, Chadwick vociferationed that he could cut the decease rate in London by a tertiary by bettering the conditions of the lower-classes ( Chadwick, 1843 ) .Figure Scanned infusion from the original study by Edwin Chadwick on the healthful conditions of the laboring nation of Great Britain ( 1843 ) .1.2 Chadwick s belief in miasma, as the instrument of decease, was i ncorrect but his decision that the impact of ill-health and deathrate on the lower-classes was greater than that of upper-classes was anything but incorrect. In 1844 Engles claimed the disparity was due to the chase of wealth by the upper-classes, the middle class, at the disbursal of the wellness of the lower-classes, the labor, and referred to the phenomenon as societal slaying ( Engles, 1844 ) .1.3 Since Chadwicks study in 1843 many others, most notably, the Black field of study ( DHSS, 1980 ) , the Whitehead Report ( Whitehead, 1988 ) , the Atchison Report ( 1997 ) and the Marmot Review ( 2010 ) , conclude that those in lower-classes or lower socio-economic groups argon more likely to be affected by hapless wellness, and as a effect the labor will see higher mortality which is unjust and wholly evitable ( Bradby, 2009 ) .The purpose of this paper is to place and explicate how the 08/09 economic downswing may impact the wellness of people in the UK with specific mention to social-class and wellness inequalities.2.0 accessible-class and wellness inequalities2.1 The Registrar General s categorization of social-class, conceived in 1911, was establish on business with specific mention to the implied societal position of that business ( Bartley and Blane, 2009 ) . This method of categorization, limited by its stiff contemplation of a structured-hierarchal-unchanging-society, was superseded in 2001 by the National Statistics Socio-economic Classification ( NS-SEC ) , an internationally recognized categorization that takes history of position, income, chances, security, instruction, and liberty and control ( Denny and Early, 2005 ) .2.2 In using NS-SEC, Marmot ( 2010 ) showed the sum of societal inequality persons experience is com space-reflection symmetrytive to the sum of wealth and power wielded by those single the less wealth, power and influence and accordingly the lower social-class the greater the inequality. Graham ( 2007 ) , identified the begin nings of economic and societal inequality are hapless instruction, deficiency of occupation chance, and accordingly hapless income chances, and demonstrated a generational geographic temperament to ill-health and disablement.2.3 The eventual societal place, money, power, and sensible wealth acquired in life are non relative to their wellness hazards, ( Marmot, 2010 ) . Jointly the de stipulationiners of wellness are rooted in the societal, geographical, environ cordial, political, and material universe which affect the mental and physical wellbeing of persons unevenly. Dahlgren and Whitehead ( 1991 ) clearly describe the determiners of wellness as a multifactorial-socio-economic phenomenon of which the bulk is under the control of those with greater power, see Figure The fountainhead determiners of wellness ( kickoff Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991 ) . belowFigure The chief determiners of wellness ( Beginning Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991 ) .2.4 The societal inequalities in wellness are described by Bartley et al.. ( 2004 ) as 4 theoretical accounts2.4.1 The behavioral theoretical account which advocates the single chooses to damage their ego through their ain hapless picks such as intoxicant maltreatment, drug usage, smoke, and hapless diet doing fleshiness ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) .2.4.2 The materialist theoretical account which suggest the quality of your material universe such as your abide, the location you live in, and handiness of quality merchandises has an impact on your wellness ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) .2.4.3 The psyco-social theoretical account analyses the relationship between the physiological effects of perceived societal unfairness on the human organic structure. higher(prenominal) emphasis, deficiency of support, emotional withdrawal, relationships, can consequence harmful biological alterations which manifest in unwellnesss ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) .2.4.4 The life class theoretical account, which combines strands from the behavioral, materi alist, and psychosocial theoretical account. If you are of a lower social-class, societal mobility is improbable and your material universe is improbable to alter for the better, nor are you behaviours or stressors, all of which have negative cumulative effects that damage wellness but can-not be mitigated by societal capital, ( Bartley et al.. 2004 ) .2.5 Locker ( 2008 ) describes the incorporate nature of these theoretical accounts as the web of causation . Suggestive of the proposition that no individual theoretical account histories for all causes of ill-health but without uncertainty wellness inequalities manifest in more long-run unwellness for lower-classes, and higher infant mortality rate, non to advert a greater opportunity of coronary bosom diseases, shot, lung malignant neoplastic diseases, self-destructions, and respiratory disease ( Marmot, 2010 ) .3.0 ceding back and Downturns3.1 The definition of a Recession is astray accepted as two-or-more back-to-back livin g quarters of negative growing. The ONS has recorded eight corners everywhere the past 55 old ages on average of 1 all 6.8 old ages, Table Eight recessions between 1956-2009, associated go in of negative growing periods and cumulative impact on gross domestic product. ( Beginning ONS, 2011 ) refers ( ONS, 2011 ) .Table Eight recessions between 1956-2009, associated figure of negative growing periods and cumulative impact on GDP. ( Beginning ONS, 2011 ) .3.2 Literature suggests the lower socioeconomic category suffer more well in measure of recession, although Elliott et Al. ( 2009 ) suggest the longer-term agony and in some respects, the greatest consequence on lower social-classes is from the downswing. The 08/09 recession started in Q2/08 and ended in Q3/09, stand foring six quarters of negative growing and has the greatest cumulative decrease in GDP ( ONS, 2011 ) . Elliott et Al. ( 2009 ) province the length of recession and longer-term impacts of the recession are dissocia ted. The writers attempt at a graphical representation of Elliott et Al. s premise are seen in belowFigure Writers graphical representation of Elliott et Al. s premise that the recession and downswing are dissociated3.4 This representation may propose the consequence of rebalancing is more likely to impact lower social-classes than the recession its ego, given that market forces manipulated by higher social-classes create the environs for a recession, which is rebalanced by cardinal authorities at the disbursal of the lower-classes in the signifier of decreased public disbursement and accordingly a decrease in employment and societal services.4.0 Social-class and the economic downswing4.1 Harmonizing to Marmot and Bell ( 2009 ) recessions have greater impact on those of a lower socio-economic place due to their inability to die hard a recession. Although, Gerdtham and Ruhm ( 2006 ) , based on an analysis of OECD informations, claimed mortalities evaluate decline during recessions an analysis of informations obtained from the ONS demonst order that morality rates as a % of population did non worsen universally over the period of 1956 2009 against the imply mortality rate for that period. Harmonizing the the ONS information for the first 5 recessions the mortality rate was higher than norm when considered as a % of population. During the 90/91 recession the mortality rates as a per centum of population was close norm and so declined significantly during the latest recession, which concur with Rhum ( 2005 ) findings, Figure Mortality rates as a % of population during recession old ages. ( Beginning ONS 2011 ) refers.Figure Mortality rates as a % of population during recession old ages. ( Beginning ONS 2011 )4.2 Interestingly the unemployment rate as a per centum of the population when considered against the mean unemployment for the period 1973-2009, was significantly lower in the 73/74 recession and merely reached para at the beginning of the 90/91 recessio n, Figure Unemployment rates as a per centum of population during recession old ages refers. Martikainen et Al. ( 2007 ) identified in their survey, mortality rates do non needfully increase during recession old ages, and in fact, understanding suggests the antonym. Specifically, during the last recession mortality rates appear to be above the norm during periods of high unemployment, Figure Mortality rates as a % of population during recession old ages. ( Beginning ONS 2011 ) and Figure Unemployment rates as a per centum of population during recession old ages refer.Figure Unemployment rates as a per centum of population during recession old ages, ( Beginning ONS, 2011 )4.3 Marmot ( 2010 ) , Elliott et Al. ( 2010 ) , Kondo et Al. ( 2008 ) , conclude the impact on wellness is straight related to social-class, which is important when you consider latest recession. Evidence shows that unemployment by and large rises and with that rise there is besides a rise in the mortality rates ( as a per centum of population ) with the exclusion of the latest recession ( ONS, 2011 ) .4.4 A quick and soiled statistical reappraisal for the period 1973-2009 of % decrease in GDP, against the % unemployed suggests a tendency for social-class effected during recession see.Table England and Wales Population Total, Deaths, Mortality Rates, Unemployment Rates, against recession old ages. below.Table England and Wales Population Total, Deaths, Mortality Rates, Unemployment Rates, against recession old ages.4.5 Using the 73/74 and 75 recessions as a benchmark and presuming the social-class affected by the recession contributed to the loss of GDP, it is apparent that the undermentioned recessions affected dissimilar social-classes accepting mean net incomes applies to social-class.4.6 The 80/81 recession saw more people unemployed but less of an impact on GDP, which implies those unemployed contributed otherwise to GDP coevals proposing lower paid workers, lending less to the coeval s of GDP were unemployed, this tendency is more apparent in the 90/91 recession. However, the 08/09 recession appears different the ratio of unemployed to the decrease in GPD is similar to that of the 73/74 and 75 recessions.4.7 Vaitilingam ( 2009 ) suggested the 08/09 recession would impact the in-between category and given the important plus in loss of GDP in relation to the figure of unemployed is implicative of a more flush worker going unemployed.4.8 In nerve center the information suggest the greater the decrease in GDP relation to the rate of unemployment the different category affected by the recession. Therefore, in every congressman other than the 08/09 recession the per centum of unemployed has been greater than the decrease in GDP. This suggests that lower category are proportionately more outright affected by the Recession than higher categories. In the instance of the 08/09 recession, the decrease in GDP is greater than the rate of unemployment proposing a high soc io economic category will be instantly affected by the recession, which is really unusual for the UK. How that manifest down the societal strata is yet to be observed.5.0 Decision5.1 It is widely accepted that hapless wellness affects lower social-classes more significantly and disproportionally and that it is evitable, ( Marmot, 2010 Bradby 2009 ) . Occupation entirely, as step of social-class in out dated and does non take history of the diverse societal stratification seen in advance(a) society where position, income, chances, security, instruction, and liberty and control, vary well throughout occupational sets ( Bartley and Blane, 2009 Denny and Early, 2005 ) .5.2 Marmot ( 2010 ) and Graham ( 2007 ) showed the less wealth, power and influence and the lower social-class the greater wellness inequality. This wellness in equality Graham ( 2007 ) , and Dahlgren and Whitehead ( 1991 ) claim is associated with hapless instruction, deficiency of occupation chance and hapless income chances. The behavioral, stuff, psychosocial and life class theoretical accounts, discussed by Bartley et al.. ( 2004 ) and Lockers ( 2008 ) web of causing by definition place the determiners of wellness are rooted in the societal, geographical, environmental, political, and material universe.5.3 The clear premise by Elliott et Al ( 2009 ) and Marmot and Bell ( 2009 ) that recessions doing greater and more well longer enduring to those of lower socio-economic category is mostly without challenge. The effects of economic rebalancing on lower social-classes is less good understood, nor are the longer term effects of the downswing in the signifier of decreased public disbursement and accordingly a decrease in employment and societal services that are to a great extent relied upon. Does policy alteration better conditions for lower social-classes or does it amplify the effects of an already unequal system.5.4 Gerdtham and Ruhm ( 2006 ) show there is grounds of displacements in mortal ity rates around recessions although the overall consequence of recession and unemployment on longer term mortality rates is less clear. If, as Marmot ( 2010 ) , Elliott et Al. ( 2010 ) , and Kondo et Al. ( 2008 ) , claim the impact on wellness is straight related to social-class, and if one can pull the decision that different social-classes suffer otherwise during recessions so Vaitilingam ( 2009 ) 08/09 middle-class recession should uncover, as the longer term effects of the downswing come to an terminal, that there is no noticeable addition in preventable unwellnesss and deceases amongst the most vulnerable. The consequence on the lower social-classes may non be as apparent this clip unit of ammunition albeit strictly by opportunity. How proud would Chadwick be of our advancement?MentionsThe Acheson Report ( 1998 ) item-by-item Inquiry into Inequalities in Health, HMSO.Bartley M and Blane D. 2008. Inequality and social-class in Scambler, G. ( erectile dysfunction ) Sociology as Applied to Medicine ( 6th Edition ) London Saunders pp 115-132.Bartley, M. Blane, D. Davey-Smith, G. 2004. The Sociology of Health Inequalities, Oxford common basil Blackwell.Bradby, H. 2009. Medical sociology an debut. London Sage.Chadwick, E. 1843. Report on the healthful status of the laboring population of great Britain. London Clowes and Sons.Black. D. 2008. Inequalities in wellness study of a research working group. London DHSS.Dahlgren, G. and Whitehead, M. 1991. Policies and Schemes to Promote Social Equity in Health. Stockholm Institute for Futures StudiesEngles, F. 1844. The status of the working category in England in 1844. Germany publishing house terra incognita.Elliott E, Harrop E, Rothwell H, Shepherd M and Williams GH ( 2010 ) Working Paper 134 The Impact of the Economic Downturn on Health in Wales A Review and Case Study, Cardiff School of Social Sciences, November ( 2010 ) .Denny, E. & A Earle, S. 2005. Sociology for nurses. Cambridge Polity Press.Graham, H. ( 2007 ) Unequal Lives Health and Socio-economic Inequalities, Buckingham Open University Press.Gerdtham, U. G. and Ruhm, C. J. 2006. Deaths rise in good economic times grounds from the OECD. Economics & A Human biota 4 ( 3 ) , pp. 298a?316.Kondo, N. Subramanian, S. Kawachi, I. Takeda, Y. and Yamagata, Z. ( 2008 ) Economic recession and wellness inequalities in Japan analysis with a national sample, 1986a?2001, ledger of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 869a?875.Locker, ( 2008 ) Inequality and social-class in Scambler, G. ( erectile dysfunction ) Sociology as Applied to Medicine ( 6th Edition ) London Saunders pp 18-55.Marmot, M. and Bell, R. 2009. How will the fiscal crisis affect wellness? British Medical Journal 338 b1314Marmot M ( Chairman ) . Fair society, healthy lives strategic reappraisal of wellness inequalities in England station 2010. London The Marmot Review, 2010.Martikainen, P, Maki N & A Jantti M. ( 2007 ) The effects of unemployment on mortality chase workplace retrenchment and workplace closing a registera?based followa?up survey of Finnish work forces and adult females during economic roar and recession. American Journal of Epidemiology 165 ( 9 ) , pp. 1070a?1075.ONS, 2011. Statbase online . Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nscl.asp? ID=7433. Accessed 31 March 2011.Ruhm, C. ( 2005 ) Comment Mortality additions during economic upturns. International Journal of Epidemiology 341206a?1211Vaitilingam, R ( 2009 ) . Recession Britain Findingss from Economic and Social Research. Economic and Social Research Council.Whitehead M. ( 1988 ) The wellness divide. In Townsend P, Davidson N, Whitehead M, eds. Inequalities in wellness the Black study and the wellness divide. Harmondsworth, UK Penguin, 1988 pp215-356.

Behavioral Economics Essay

IntroductionBehavioral Economics is an extremely master(prenominal) matter of psychology it seeks to expand the current tools that researchers use in economics and finance to introduce new models of human behavior that are adequately founded in psychological research. The Behavior Economics is crucial in seam decision making process. The knowledge in rail line and Financial Literacy is precise important for their direct lotion to military control and Consulting Psychology. Understanding Financial Management which includes profit & loss, specie flow, balance sheets, ratios, ROI, working capital, work outing, financial planning, and corporate finance and Business Management that includes business strategy, strategical market management, micro-economic analysis, sustainable competitive advantage, strategic positioning, diversification, acquisitions, mergers, and technology management, volition completelyow the adviser to function businesses increase their profits and impr ove their telephoners culture.Business Management and StrategyBusiness Strategy is a management plan of action that an plaque position in place in methodicalness to hand a particular goal or a set of goals and objectives, this strategy gage help the organic law differentiate itself from its competitors. In order for a company to differentiate itself from their competitors, they need to successfully implement a strategy that will determine the market that the business will compete, the investment needed, the strategies required to compete in that specialised market and the strategic resources or competencies that underline the strategy by providing a important sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) (Aaker, 2001).Budgeting and Financial Planning in that respect are many vital managerial tools that assist in managing a successful business. Budgeting is the to the highest degree common and widely used tool for planning and misrepresent it is essentially a guideline that focus es on sp terminaling, it can breaks down all the business expenses in different categories, per example, utilities, payroll, taxes, materials, equipment, etc, too all the income that the business expect to adopt in a certain period of time, this period of time is usually yearly, monthly or sometimes weekly.Once the manager has all the estimated income and expenses for that period of time, the budget will start to take shape. The budget goal is to subtract all the expected expenses from the expected income for the same period and still progress to a dogmatic cash balance. A budget should not be a rigid and fixed tool from which you may never deviate (Wood, 2012). The Financial Planning focuses on allocating resources efficiently, specifically achieving long range goals. In summary, while the budget focuses on the daily functioning of the organization, the future depends greatly on the financial planning which in turn relies on budgeting in order to be effective.Corporate FinanceT he Corporate Finance addresses how organizations face their financial obligation, to intelligently invest their resources, achieve the illuminate combination of financing to fund their investments and return a profit to the investors hence achieving value maximization. When a company invests in a project or binary projects, this project will generate expenses and will create revenue for the company, but what is a project? Project is any activity that generates a series of cash flows for the organization. The company uses the revenue in excess of expenses to fund new projects, improve existing projects or pay its investors (Spiegel, 2000). Per example, applying a low-cost strategy, businesses can remove all frills and extras from its products and services (Aaker, 2001), making the organization more competitive and profitable.Financial ratiosThe Financial Ratios are practical indicators of a companys financial and performance situation. The most important indicator of a business per formance is profits. Profits provide the basis for the internally or externally generated capital that the organization needs to postdate its growth strategies, to replace out of dated plants and equipments, and to absorb market risk (Aaker, 2001). But how can we measure the profitability of an organization? The most basic and important tool to measure profitability is the Return on Assets, which is calculated by dividing the organizations profits by the assets involved (Aaker, 2001). The ROI measures how much profit the organization can produce with the capital that is available to them (Gitman, 2009). The companys goal is to increase the ROI, because higher the ROI, the better. Thats why the ROA is so important for managers, investors and other business that may sell to this company.Strategic MarketingThe Strategic Marketing includes creating a marketing plan that describes in detail the marketing mix, segmentation, and branding decisions. Branding is not just to increase sales i n one product, but to any product that is associated with that brand. Thats why engagement matters it pulls customers back into the business and at the end of the day leads to repeat sales (Goodman, 2012). There are many different ways to use branding to support the organizations growth strategy, but for each specific growth strategy that are different approaches that can be used in order to achieve success (Aaker, 2001). Sustainable Branding will also increase customer loyalty where customers will recognize the quality of the product or service every time that they see the brand (Aaker, 2001).Downsizing, Mergers & AcquisitionsMergers & Acquisitions essentially have the same features where the end result is one company where two existed. As stated by Shook & Roth (2010), during a merger and acquisition process, the organization will try to eliminate any overlapping positions and this process can cause downsize, which is the process of restructuring a organization in a way that bring s reduction of a part of the companys employees. If the M&A is successful, the new company will be more cost effective, efficient and mostly important, profitable (Holden, 2010). Mergers and acquisitions can also reduce significantly the competition and the overhead for both companies (Holden, 2010).Consultants can be key facilitators of a smooth transition (during a M&A) by ensuring that there is sufficient understanding and buy-in at the leadership level about the costs of not addressing the culture issue early in the M&A process. There is plenty of empirical evidence suggesting the failure rate of M&As due to issues with the unsuccessful meshing of a newly co-ordinated corporate culture. During an M&A, cultural change often represents the soft side of the transaction. Everybody agrees about its importance but it seems too frequently to take a backbone seat in the stated price tag synergies to be accomplished, as well as, how the new administrative track that needs to be quickly put in practice.ConclusionThe main goal of a business consultant is to provide a professional or/and expert advice, but in order to do it, its vital that consultants understand the need to become an expert on their clients business and industry its also very important that consultants understand the need to communicate in their clients language. Also, in order to be effective, the consultant should be able to use motivation to trigger the organization members to change their behavior in order to achieve the organization goals (Fernandez-Huerga, 2008). As a consultant, my goal is to support the companys administration to resolve management, manufacturing, marketing, or other issues by providing* Focus and direction,* Expert analytical skills,* Objectivity, and* Knowledge and experience obtained from earlier assignmentsAlso as a professional I will help clients to define a projects goal and capacity, and together with administration prepare a comprehensive proposal to document how th e project will be implemented in order to achieve the desired objectives and steps along the way. Also I will make sure that the proposed changes are approved by the client before put in practice. Another very important issue is to maintain confidentiality during and after the assignment. My ultimate goal as a consultant will be to develop a concept of a sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) and to neutralize the SCAs of competitors (Aaker, 2001). Using the Game Strategy, which is a study of strategic decision making, the consultant will be able to develop important insights concerning the strategy and how it should be addressed providing a rational choices for businesses dilemmas (Wood, 2012).ReferencesAaker, D. (2001). Developing business strategies (6th Ed.). youthful York, NY John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Berman, K. & Knight, J. (2008). Financial Intelligence For HR Professionals. Boston, MA Harvard Business Press. Fernandez-Huerga, E. (Sep2008). The economic behavior of human be ings The institutional/post-Keynesian model. Journal of Economic Issues (Association for Evolutionary Economics, 42 (3), 709-726. Gitman, L. J. (2009). Principles of managerial finance. (12 ed.). Boston, MA Addison-Wesley. Goodman, G. F. (2012). Engagement marketing How small business wins in a socially connected world. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. Holden , P. (2010). Economies of scale a quick translation Video file. Retrieved from YouTube website http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZshS761WsE Marks, M. (2003). Surviving MADness. HR Magazine, 48(6), 86. Marks, M., & Mirvis, P. H. (2012). Applying OD to Make Mergers and Acquisitions Work. OD Practitioner, 44(3), 5-12. Shook, L., & Roth, G. (2010). Downsizings, mergers, and acquisition Perspectives of human resources development practitioners. Journal of European Industrial Training 32(2), 135-153. Spiegel, M. (2000). Principles of corporate finance. Unpublished raw data, Yale School of Management, Retrieved from http//som.yale.edu/spi egel/intro/sampread.pdf Teamtechnology.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.teamtechnology.co.uk/changemanagement.html Wickramasignhe, V. & Karunaratne, C. (Mar2009). People management in mergers and acquisitions in Sri Lanka employee perception. Journal of Human Resource Management, 20 (3), 694-715. Wood, N. (2012). Behavioral Economics. PowerPoint slides. Retrieved from http//www.nancywood.org/Business/Behavior/Behavioral.pptx