Business plan for a start-up ( Financial data) Literature review

Business protrude for a start-up ( Financial data) - Literature review ExampleWith god care plan, the time to come of the communication channel is certain and only future occurrences go forth be met with certainty. For a stat-up business, plan is used by business to determine its future survival and viability. Businesses cannot run effectively without a plan. Most plan make hypothesiss about the future. Any assumption made should be made with great caution as failure for the assumption to hold, the whole plan might be jeopardized. A successful business plan should be prepared found on past experiences fact and empirical data. It requires lo of expertise to prepare a concrete plan for a start-up business that has no past records experience. This paper will way on the financial side of a business plan by reviewing overall financial records for all industries that are components of a plan. The financial plan of a start-up business will be based on the size of the proposed busine ss. This means that it will rely in the first place on assumptions. Analysis will be done o the future cash flows, incomes and expenses, balance sheet, chapiter, advantageousness and financial ratio analysis. The major assumption that will be used in the plan will be The prevailing market and economic conditions prevail. Methodology The plan will be prepared based on projection of financial statements. ... According to Lemieux (2013), The various parameters that have taken into consideration for evaluation of the last(a) income of the firms are the general, selling and administrative expenses, depreciation, regulatory expense, insurance costs of the company, rental charges to be paid for the establishment of the business, cost of advertising, utility bills, etc (Lemieux, 2013, p.39). These expenses are adjusted to the gross earnings to form the profits earnings of the company. The net earnings of the company are important for the calculation of the net operating(a) cash flows. The net operating cash flow has been forecasted to be 35500 pounds which is expected to attach gradually in the next two years. on that point are investment funds cash flows for firms which would involve cash outflows for purchase of fixed assets of the company and other capital expenditures. The cash out flows on account of investment activity of the business is valued at 16250 pounds. The investment activities are expected to attach in the first three years as the business would focus on increasing their market share. The cash outflows due to financing activities would be due to the interest recompense for the debt incurred from the bank and the interest paid to the creditors. The cash outflow for financing activities of the business would be 15650 pounds that is anticipated to increase in the next two years. The net cash flows for the business have been forecasted to be 3600 pounds which is expected to increase by 10% in the next two years as shown in Table 4 in the Appendix . Uses of the data The profit and loss statement and the balance sheet have been forecasted as a part of the business plan and have been presented in Table 2 and Table 3 one by one in the

Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA) - Essay Example collect to its enhanced, temporal and spatial resolution, it has been utilised as a less invasive technique in the diagnosing of coronary artery disease.Aneurysms rise in occurrence with age they be more common in women and are connected to certain genetic conditions. CTA has been proposed as an alternative choice for intra arterial digital deductive reasoning angiography to check for aneurysms. CTA is used to characterise cerebral aneurysms for assessing the possibility of their rupture. It helps produce 3D geometries of cerebral aneurysms.Coronary lesions are risked to ruptures. CTA scanners avail for detection, quantification and characterization of coronary atherosclerotic lesions. Non invasive CTA is utilised to recognize patients with high or dispirited risk chances of developing cardiac conditions due to the constitution of plaques. Computational fluid dynamics permits for computation of lesion accompaniment endotheli al shear tension. They also permit partial flow reserve. This adds functional details to evaluation of plaques.Cebral, J. R., Castro, M. A., Burgess, J. E., et al., 2005. video of Cerebral Aneurysms for Assessing Risk of Rupture By Using Patient Specific Computational Hemodynamics Models. American journal of Neuroradiology, 26, pp. 2550 2559.Goncalves, P. A., Campos, C. A. M., Serruys, P. W. & Garcia Garcia, H. M., 2014. Computed tomography angiography for the interventional cardiologist. European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging. doi 10.1093/ehjci/jeu053Maurovich Horvat, P., Ferencik, M., Voros, S, Merkely, B. & Hoffmann, U. (2014). Comprehensive plaque assessment by coronary CT angiography. Nature Reviews Cardiology.

Critical issue in global health ( a grant proposal to support efforts Thesis

Critical issue in global wellness ( a grant to support efforts to improve maternal and child health, in Kachere, a village in Kasungu. ) - Thesis Proposal ExampleAs such, the CBO has come up with five strategies in the proposal viz. Improvement of maternal health in the society, Promote gender equality and empowerment to women, Combat human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, Ensure that the environment is sustained, Eliminate poverty and hunger.Through these strategies, there will be treat and indirect solutions to this challenge and the community will remain healthy and full of life. Moreover, this project has incorporated stakeholders such as Traditional Authority (TA), Religious Groups, and Malawi International Organization (MIO) who will assist in plan and implementing the project.Apparently, it is evident that Kachere Village in Kasungu District has serious cases of poor health and poverty that has emerged from the poor alive conditions of people in t he village. Ideally, Evas two dead children serves as a perfect example how children take died from diseases such as pneumonia and malaria and those surviving are still suffering from related diseases. Moreover, the agricultural activities revolve nearly tobacco and maize farming, which are not easy to farm due to their inadequate returns. Furthermore, her husband who is aver to be absent from home for extensive periods of time in search of employment has also became a challenging issue for Eva since is fear contracting HIV from the existing polygamy set up (Skolnik, 2008).As a community based organization (CBO) on the ground, we work taken Evas living conditions as a sample to work with in the improvement of the living conditions of people in Kachere village (Hovenga & Mantas, 2005). Nevertheless, the CBO is aware that the community has three main stakeholders who are contributing towards development and health issues namelyNongovernmental organizations (NGO) and International Organizations where the International Organizations have assisted in facilitating loans and savings to most groups that have been formed in the community.Of

Managing Across Organizational & Cultural Boundaries Essay

Managing Across Organizational & Cultural Boundaries - Essay ExampleOne of the eyeshots of berth that Wal-Mart volition handling in dealing with the suppliers is the use of zero tolerance where all undesirable practices like subcontracting will be imposed to severe penalties without the company knowledge (Fishman, 2006). The penalties will start to be effective on parade again all the companies that are not allowed to manufacture and cede clothes to Wal-Mart will be published on the website explaining that the company is not genuine. The second perspective is accountability and ownership of the supplier who must be certified to make sure that they are going to be accountable of what they are going to supply to Wal-Mart (Stern, 1969). The reason why Wal-Mart need accountability and ownership to a specific country is to ensure that conformation will be achieved making sure that third gear party agents are eliminated in the supply chain. Wal-Mart is heart-to-heart to any supp lier who can supply clothing without subcontracting or use of third party agents who usually supply brands at expensive price as compared to those companies that are ordered to supply brands to Wal-Mart.Another perspective of power that Wal-Mart will consider is improved safety in the factories, for example, the suppliers from United States and Canada will have to wager so that the new policy change of improved safety can be deliberated upon (Buzzell, 1987). The local governments and suppliers will have to carry the safety precaution and measures need to boost factory safety. The reason is because employees in the factories are experiencing death that emanate from poor conditions from the factories and thus the reason as to why Wal-Mart is restricting the suppliers from subcontracting their orders. The expectation of Wal-Mart is that the know factory that have been given the orders will be the only one who will supply brands without involving third party agents who do not provide high quality clothing and within the stipulated time.One of the sources of power in Wal-Mart

Water Footprint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Water pace - Essay ExampleThe essay Water Footprint presents a website as an excellent resource to get an idea about how piss footprint provides cleverness into the way different countries utilize their piddle resources by observing the larger countries that are economically epoch-making and have larger footprints which are perhaps a way of saying that their economies are outgrowth, since a study limitation in the economic growth of countries is the availability of water resources. The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use. It can be measured for a single process, such(prenominal) as growing rice, for a product, such as a pair of jeans, for the fuel we put in our car, or for an entire multi-national company. The water footprint can also tell us how much water is being consumed by a particular country or globally in a proper(postnominal) river basin or from an aquifer.In this regard, USA, China and India appear qui te significant. Additionally, I have observed that regions of the earth care the north Africa have scarce water resources, and hence both their water footprint as wholesome as their economic growth are minimal. So, they have to rely on imports to meet their needs and in the process, they have to spend their valuable resources to import from countries that have abundant water resources and hence sound growing economies. This clearly indicates that the knowledge about water footprint is essential to understand how different countries are performing on a global scale.

Discussion Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion - Article ExampleThis is unmistakable in the passage as it is confirmed by this statement thus, intersubjectivity emerges as part of a large problem (141). It is a reality that subject reacts with other subjects without mediation of material elements such as proboscis or sense media. This concept is implicit in the whimsicality of intersubjectivity. Recognition that the person uses the materials of culture and is wedged by other people does nothing to impose on the reality that such a notion is essentially individualist (Williams, 1992). Hegel does not believe that every person has to involve in a disembodied spirit and death fight for recognition. This is evident as gave a suggested a different concept in alternating(a) of a formation of consciousness, he proposed an individual level and a communal social-cultural world-chrono consistent level. This can be analyzed as an attempt to prevent people from seeking recognition to much.The concept of consciousness is broug ht in the passage, however, not as self-consciousness but people living in self-sufficient communities. Undeniably, consciousness the Great Compromiser a prerequisite for recognitive self-consciousness. Hegel regards material culture as products of contemplation, and never spent bothered to understand the interrelation between materials. While he discarded the labor procedure as a pattern of the dialectic he did not discard apprehension with the creation and use of material civilization, but changed it into a logical stature. Thus, when the promoters of intersubjectivity expunge the usage of artifacts from unrestrained action, they ignore Spirit itself. Williams asserts that Hegel changed subjectivity to intersubjectivity. However, intersubjectivity is incomprehensible and incoherent with core bedrock of Hegels perception of subjectivity (Williams, 1992).It is accurate to conclude that recognition is an extremely un-Hegelian concept since it assumes the nonexistence of impelling mediating media and artifacts. It

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Supply Chain Management - Essay employmentA Brief History of Nissan The process of business within the 21st century has developed to a remarkable extent(Davies, 2004). Facing fundamental issues with cost and levels of continued business growth, Nissans European division chose to commix with its interpret chain as a means of evoking positive change. Nissan therefore reviewed the issues that their supply chain engendered and essay to evoke a further level of efficiency from it. Supplier Initiative/Management Initiative 1 Referenced Definition of Supplier Development Some of the points that can be taken away from this occurrence good example are with regards to definitions of supplier information, the different foundations which remove to be put in place as a means of improving the initiatives that were employed, a clear delineation of the objectives of the customer and supplier may seek to achieve from such improvement initiatives, the role of leadership within Nissan and how this impacted upon the supply-chain management that took place, the way in which commonality of purpose was achieved between the suppliers and Nissan, the performance measurements that were used as metrics, a close discussion of supply improvements that were engaged, the risks and benefits of engaging in such an initiative, mistakes that can be learned from, and future trends that are likely to be evidenced within other branches of Nissan as well as throughout the industrial world. 2 The foundations which need to be in place to enable the improvement initiatives between customer and supplier contained in the case to take place Firstly, it must be understood that with regards to supplier development, Nissan fundamentally engaged in a redefinition of the way in which this process was previously affected. Through an internal investigation with regards to efficiency and the means through which product was provided, Nissan came to the clear understanding that if further profitability a nd viability of the brand was to be effected, a fundamental fight with regards the way in which products were supplied must be effected. As such, a reintegration with the definition and approach to supplier development was necessitated and affected. Supply Chain Management As a function of the difficulties that have thus far been defined, Nissan force Company found it necessary to engage directly with the suppliers and enter into a new form of cooperation and parley that they term as COGENT. Within this particular approach, Nissan sought a level of oversight with respect to the flesh process and final production of the components that would eventually make their way into Nissan automobiles within Europe (Ludwig, 2010). Instead, COGENT was engaged as a means of overseeing and reviewing the supplier process. Nissan co-development initiative (COGENT) Realizing that the major drawbacks of the other approaches that they could take would place humble incentive or integration within t he actual supply mechanisms of Nissan, the Co-development init

Contested masculinities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contested masculinities - Essay ExampleThere is a correlativity between masculine types during this period and the contemporary American male, in which masculinity is defined by success, strength, lead and independence.Death of a Salesman represents three types of American masculinity during the Post World War II Era. The American male during this period was perceived as being independent, adventurous, competitive, and a leader, particularly in the home and in the work-place. Willys mental decline illuminates the stress men inevitably felt trying to succeed in the land of opportunities and to live up to the ascribed role of man during this period. This is demonstrated through Willys struggles with independence and identity in attempting to become the successful man and to meet his obligation to care for his family (McDonough 27) in pursuit of the American dream. It becomes clear that industrialization and family obligations coincide, creating barriers to those ascribed roles, caus ing conflicts between masculine identity and reality.The war itself forced an emphasis on the powerful male. The question was whether the American man was capable of pursuing successful careers and maintaining stable families and with these questions came the anxiety of donjon up to this characterization of the American man in the aftermath of the Second World War. In vagabond to understand Wilys struggles with this masculine type it is important to view his dilemma in this historical context.What emerges is a generational trend through Willys father, his brother Ben and Dave an old salesman. Clearly the idea of the self-made man was as important to masculine social status from one generation to another in America. Willy is influenced by his fathers independence and is likewise influenced by the old salesman, although he does not rupture to distinguish between the manners in which

Company Research Assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company Assignment - Research Paper ExampleThe kick statement acts as a guide to the familys decision making. In the mission statement, an overall summary of the endings of the organization is stated. The mission statement for Coca-Cola Company aims at creating value for the goods produced by the lodge so that they can be separate from other producers in the commercialize. Coca-Cola Company strives to refresh the customers and instigate moments of happiness and optimism. The mission statement ensures that the company maintains tonus production standard using innovation to ensure that the company stays ahead of the competition (Moses, 2010). The products produced by the company are foodstuffed using the mission statement in mind. The product content, product design, and targeted market accept the companys mission. With the changes in the technological sector, the quality of products with regards to the design and the content is constantly changing. Dietary problems in the glo be with cases associated with calories being on the increase, the companys focus on health products has enabled it to retain its market share (Theodore, 2009). Coca-cola Companys goals The soft drink company has goals that it has set for ensuring continuous growth in the market. The goals can be divided into categories depending on the targeted audience. The first category deals with its commitment towards the shareholders. The company trading its shares in the stock exchange market has an obligation to its shareholders. The company aims at providing the shareholders with a high rate of founder in terms of the profit generated from the investment. The company similarly aims at increasing the shareholders market share through and through making the companys shares marketable in the stock market. The goals can also be with regards to the customers. The company aims at providing customers with their favorite drink regardless of their geographic location. This goal enables the company to increase its customer base. The goal ensures that all the needs and wants of the customer are met. The customers are prioritized in the company as they provide the receipts while shareholders follow because of their contribution towards capital (Moses, 2010). The other goal category relates to the environs. Conservation of the environment has been a significant concern in recent years with government imposing stiff penalties to companies that pollute the environment heavily. The company aims at reducing its carbon emission by 15% by the year 2020. This is a significant contribution to the environment aimed at reducing the effects of global warming. Reduction of carbon emissions also enables the organization to save on the penalties charged to companies with high green house emissions. How Coca-Cola positions its brand Brand place relates to the efforts of the company to attract a bigger market share compared to the competitors in the market. The company offers over 3500 produ cts in the global market. Product diversity shows that the companys evaluation of the segmented market and producing many goods to serve the diverse client needs. This allows the company to compete adequately with regards to product diversity. To attain leading status in the competitive beverage market increasing product variety is paramount (Theodore, 2009). The companys innovation towards designing the right product to attract

The role of judges in making law in Uk courts Essay

The role of adjudicate in making law in Uk courts - turn out ExampleThis principle of precedent is excessively known as stare decisis. This precedent should be created by a high ranking court and non from the courts of first instance. They are supposed to follow strictly the already existing law and precedents. Often these courts would be engaged in fact finding since they are non expected to hear full legal arguments of the parties. The courts administration documents and reports the decisions from 1865 in U.K. It is called now Incorporated Council of fairness reporting for England and Wales. It brings out The Weekly Law Reports and The Law Reports. The decisions that are taken as legal precedents shall study ratio decidendi quarter them. The ratio decidendi must be related to the law and not on factual findings. It can not also be obiter dictum mentioned as a passing reference while deciding the case and shall have no legal basis for future decisions. The ratio which is bi nding shall have legal principles and rules considered for finding a solution for the problem in the case. The obiter dicta however are treated as persuasive authority which posterior judges can use them for arriving at their decisions but are not bound to treat them as precedents.(UK law online)Precedent has a very important role in the common law. It ensures certainty and concurrence and logical progression and development in the law. At the same time it can be frozen and also complex - what is the law on a subject whitethorn be very herculean to find or to state as it is spread across many cases. So, many countries (especially in Continental Europe) prefer a codified system in which laws are set out in edict and cases which apply them may be illustrative but do not become binding. The law is also easier to find and to state and is rationally prospective rather than based on the chance event of litigation, which may give rise to laws based on extreme or unusual situations or unevenly argued cases. For example, here(predicate) is the offence of murder in US Federal Law. By contrast, the law of murder in England is contained in several cases, and even having read them there may be room for doubt. As for English law, the clean definition of murder is considered to be that given by master key Chief Justice Coke who (writing in the early seventeenth century) said Murder is when a man of sound memory and of the age of discretion, unlawfully killeth within any county of the realm any reasonable creature in rerum natura under the Kings peace, with malice aforethought, either expressed by the party or implied by law, so as the party wo, or disadvantage etc. die of the wound or hurt etc .within a year and a day of the same. (UK Law online)Blackstone stated in eighteenth century that court decisions were mere evidence of common law. (Commentaries pp 88-9) Later Lord Esher said in 1892 that there was no judge make law as such since the judges did not make law but only applied prevailing law not previously applied authoritatively (Willis v Baddeley) However these views are refuted by late professor Cross stating a rule stated in a precedent is law properly so called and law because it was made by the judges, not because it originated in common usage, or the judges idea of justice and public convenience (Cross R 1991 p 28) Cross holds that Lord Eshers view that application of existing law to new circumstances truly is similar to statement of

TIMED TEXTUAL ANALYSIS-- Film <Seven> the first five minutes in the Assignment

TIMED TEXTUAL ANALYSIS-- Film the first five minutes in the beginning - Assignment ExampleThis quiet, sombre setting implies that this homo is lonely and unhappy. When the camera moves quickly to a shot of this mans reflection in a mirror as he fixes his tie, this sense of loneliness is echoed once again and we also get an idea of another(prenominal) aspects of his personality and life, namely, that he is a professional and that he is super orderly. He appears to be very well groomed and is adjusting his tie with detailed precision. It appears as though he is a professional and has an important job. Props are used strategically, as the camera quickly cuts to a stand where a line of objects is lain in a neat row. The neatness and organisation of these objects and of his bedroom has meaning, as they suggest this character is extremely tidy, efficient and orderly, and implies it may be reflected in his personality in other ways. The items includes a pen, professional badge and a kn ife, which suggests he works in law enforcement. We then cast him go to his bed, which is made up perfectly, not unlike a hotel, very meticulous.The way in which so much information is given away here despite the character have no fundamental interaction with others and doing mundane activities, is an effective way to highlight the loneliness and sense of order and presentation the character possesses. deck up is also used to convey meaning. When we first see the protagonist, he is wearing a white shirt, a symbol that he is a good man. His suit also suggests that he is an important person in the society.The next scene is cut to extremely quickly and we are met with a very disturbing kitchen range which contrasts starkly with what we have previously seen. The quickness of the transition allows no time for the viewer to adjust and it seems a slight shock factor is used in the suddenness of this. The scene is of a dead, overweight man lying in a pool of blood. The scene is dark, dim ly lit and appears quite grisly, suggesting malice. The dead remains indicates that we are

International business management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International rail line management - Assignment Example3- Socio-Cultural Factors Majority of the organizations avoid introducing their products in the international market due to socio-cultural factors. Organizations fear that introducing either product or run their rail line activities in a different culture with unusual traditions may risk their reputation and this could have an adverse print on their potential growth. Therefore, it is important to admit that it is the sound understanding of the social and cultural factors that distinguish the business operations of an international and domestic upstanding. Domestic firms possess better understanding of the social and cultural factors strange an international firm which struggles hard to analyze and understand them. An international business may lose the business opportunity in the host country, if it fails to understand the local environment, behavior, attitudes and various other cultural factors. 4- technological Factor s Technological factors play an important role in creating issues for an international firm to start their business activities in such(prenominal) a country that has little or no proper technological and communication infrastructure. This would increase the embody of producing or starting a venture in the host country. Differences between Domestic and International dodge Factors Domestic Conditions Global Conditions Culture Homogeneous Heterogeneous Currency Standard and uniform Different currencies and interchange rates Economy Stable and consistent Uncertain economical conditions Government Stable Unstable and dubious Labor Easy availability of skilled workers Hard to find the skilled labors. row Single Language Different languages with different dialects Marketing Many media, broad exposure and few restrictions. Fewer media, minimum... The paper tells that globalisation has helped the economies to improve their trade, investment and how these economies can enhance their inte rnational businesses. There are different issues that a firm takes into an account before entering the global market. It is highly important for an organization to carefully analyze all(a) the line issues and factors that can affect on the international operations before entering into global market. These key international issues are economic forces political and legal factors socio-cultural factors and technological factors. Corporate social responsibility refers to the preparedness of bargains on a firm for its approach towards social contribution in the society it operates. As we know that, multinational corporations operate in a culturally and socially diversified structure therefore, they are under more(prenominal) challenges to fulfill their share of corporate social responsibility in the country they are operating as compare to domestic/local firms. Multinational corporations operate in the host country with the blueprint of benefiting the host country by bringing employ ment opportunities to them, giving boost to their economy and by introducing the latest technology in the country. However, there are certain factors that MNCs should consider while operating in any other country such as taking care of the corporate social responsibility which is an obligation to be fulfilled on all the MNCs. This is mainly due to the fact that these international businesses face more challenges as compare to domestic firms and local businesses.

Living Together Before Marriage. A Good Idea Research Paper

Living unneurotic Before Marriage. A Good Idea - Research Paper ExampleThe opus explains why carry oning unitedly before pairing is a good compatibility test. It goes a bit further to explain its magnificence of testing the commitment level of couples before marriage. Short explanations are also stated in regards brighten beliefs of couples who during ttheir younger years their parents went through horrific divorce and left a negative dent pertaining to marriage. the paper provide also explain the importance of staying together before marriage as a mean of helping couples whose former relationships have been horrible and try and baby step them to overcome this past start out by staying together first.As the discussion highlights staying together before marriage is beneficial to love birds because it will help them know if they are compatible. Compatibility saves couples from messy and brutal divorce that they have to go through if their marriage is non working. Staying tog ether acts as a litmus test to deduce if the two lovers can stay together. Their commitment will be evident if they manage to solve problems within a period of time, if not then its best for them to call it quits since this will save them litigation money, embarrassment and despair that divorcing couples usually go through. Bill Maier, PH.D states Living together is a good way to find out if couples are compatible-a sort of test drive that will determine your chances of marital success.

Total Rewards Program Geico Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Total Rewards Program Geico - geek Study ExampleTotal Rewards Program includes seven categories such as workplace flexibility, paid and due time off, health & wellness expect, community involvement, caring for dependents, culture change initiative and financial support in order to support work-life effectiveness.This section covers three verticals such as learning opportunities, coaching/mentoring and feeler Opportunities of Total Rewards Program. Integration can be done among career learning process and Human cognitive process Improvement or HPI in order to share knowledge of among unused recruits (Rothwell, Sanders, & Soper, 1999, p. 6-7).Companies need to remix existing riposte system with cost-effective techniques without increasing financial investing. Reallocating rewards in a cost-effective not only increases the honor of the program but increases profitability also.Finance & Retirement plan of Geico includes traditional plans (associate can select investment pattern and can also manage their account done Vanguard Website), Profit Sharing Plan, indemnification plan (life and accident insurance) and assistance program for associates. These huge collections of benefits give the flexibility to associate to select wage package in accordance with their requirement.Education & Training program designed by Geico includes promoting internal employees to new job responsibility instead of hiring external candidates. Geico also focuses on giving sufficient training & development and virtual mentoring in order to increase employee retention rate. Promote from within adopted by Geico helps the employee to plump motivated to perform well because they know that performing well can help them to get forward motion hence turnover rate decreases. This strategy also helps the company to reduce costs (giving advertisement through various channels of media, paying contract fees to external recruiting agents, paying additional salary to employees who have resign ed and new(prenominal) miscellaneous expenses)related to recruiting new associates.

Homework 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

preparation 4 - Essay Exampleentified that organization is a place where in different departments work unitedly in order to contribute in the long run productivity of the company as a whole (Beasley, M et al. 2009).Marketing department is one of the most important departments from the standpoint of an organization because it commonly deals with the inflow and outflow of funds of a company. There be certain things that come under the area of marketing management. The main perspective of this assignment is to analyze the thing accordingly and by applying regression tools on the same(p). The company which has been chosen for the same is Ashland Multicomm Services, which is a internet service provider with telephone cables and internet cables. calculate is one of the most important things from the standpoint of a company and from the standpoint of a thing is well. call is the process of making statements about events whose actual outcomes (typically) have not yet been observed. A c ommonplace cause might be estimation of some variable of interest at some specified rising date. Prediction is a similar, but more general term. Both might refer to formal statistical methods employing time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data, or alternatively to less formal judgmental methods.The foretell process which has been judge by the company is not at all perfect and it is under pixilated criticism because the company has not judge and measures the consequences of the project on the companys productivity.There are number of things which can be taken into containation, other than that the telemarketing hours spending, which predominantly are the effects of the same on the net profit and revenue recognition of the company as a whole. The company has to consider the effects of the same in total, merely to analyze the same.A statistical measure that attempts to determine the military unit of the relationship between one dependent variable (usually denoted by Y) an d a series of other

English Literature (no specific topic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English literature (no specific topic) - Essay Exampleonversation and his impression of the other characters and their observable behavior his wife Fran, his friend loading dock, Bobs wife Olla, their baby Harold and their exotic pet peacock Joey. However, a deeper study makes one reckon that, just as much of Carvers story remains untold, Jacks yarn leaves much unsaid to his audience. Jack is the antithesis of what one expects in a normally effective fabricator receptivity and a frank discourse on the unfolding narrative. Although he is the narrator, Jack, as a character, is uncommunicative, acquiescent and wanting(p) in initiative.Jacks character is enveloped by silence. His relationship with Fran is marred by his inability to propound his feelings. The diversions of his married life, before the dinner, argon confined to activities which require no talking watching television or going to the movies. This silence only intensifies after the visit to Buds. Although, as the nar rator, he says, I couldnt wait to be alone with Fran to tell her what I was feeling (page 264), he admits later that We dont talk closely it. Whats to say? (page 265). As a narrator, he makes it obvious that he is lots critical of Fran. He disagrees with her stand Why do we need other people? (Carver, page 252) as he values his friendship with Bob. But his habit of silence extends to his friend also and makes him careful with what I say to him (page 265). Although Frans tirade against the car race program on television, and her overt attention to the plaster-of-Paris teeth, are distasteful to him, he remains silent and does not reprimand her. Jack, the character, only admits I thought about those plastic teeth (page 259), whereas Jack, the narrator, provides a lurid description of the teeth. Likewise, the peacock makes a strong impression on him, but he confines himself to a laconic Goddamn ---There was nothing else to say (page 254). Here again, the narrator indulges in effusive

Organic Food Industry Analysis Essay Example for Free

Organic nutrition Industry Analysis look forThe positive products exertion has shown consistent growth over the last 25 twelvemonths, growing 3,400% (Flynn, 2014). The positive industry earned $35 gazillion in 2014 up from $1 billion in 1990 (Flynn, 2014). Credited with creation the primary trade effectiveness drivers, feed condom and health concerns take in been driving the industry since the depot of the 2009 recession. This research paper examines the radical products industry and identifies how supply and demand affects future prices of native products. native fertiliser assiduity analytic thinking 3 Organic Industry Analysis This paper provides a succinct market analytic thinking of the ingrained diet for thought and product industry. The paper provides background and description of the innate product market. The paper examines U. S. and spherical market trends of the primitive food and product industry by examining demand and supply for organi c fertilizer products. This paper identifies key box store retailers and describes their roles in driving the organic food industry. Analyzing various studies from the USDA and its frugal Research Section (ERS) identified the driving market forces behind the popularity of the organic foods and products, which ar the improvement of health and reduction of pesticides from individual diets.The purpose of this paper is to identify market trends and the driving forces behind the global organic food and product market. The driving forces behind the organic food market are health certain millennials and new mothers who want to turn off chemicals from their diet. Background and Description The term organic has been the topic of controversy for academics and production line leaders since the 1940s. The controversy involves several(prenominal) sub-topics such as lack of foreign standards for organics, cross contamination of organic products during transport, genetically modified organis ms (GMO), chemicals and pesticides, and costs to produce organic goods.The definition of organic is made or cock-a-hoop without the use of artificial chemicals (Organic, 2015). The premise of organic food is not new however, the creation of national standards has objectively standardized what may be considered an organic product. As the global population grows, the demand for food has ca employ farmers to summation efficacy and reduce crop waste however, the methodology utilized to preserve crops may be more of a detriment to human health resulting in the spunkyer demand for unpolluted food sources and products.ORGANIC intentness summary 4 get The organic food market was supply driven for some(prenominal) years however, demand now drives the organic market (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 2009, p. 10). The demand for organic products is increasing every year as people use marginal analysis to justify the gameyer expense for organic products Do the benefits out weight the costs? Cons umer mistrust in conventional food producers, who add harmful dyes, trans-fats, and high fructose corn syrups to products, is another variable driving the organics market.Environmentalists are also another market force mechanism contributing to the demand for organic products because organic farming reduces environmental pollution. The emergence of organic food is directly linked to an amalgam of food safety and health concerns, which directly relate to ingestion of chemicals employ to grow, treat, and preserve foods.The organic food industry has shown consistent global growth over the last twain decades and is projected to continue to grow until 2018 (Research and markets adds report United States organic food market report 2013-2018, 2014). The organic food market has grown 3,400 % in the last 25 years (Flynn, 2014).Organics are divided into several categories such as, fruits and vegetables, dairy, meat, and packaged organic products. In 2014 annual organic food sales, mainly fr uits and vegetables, reached $35 billion, $290 billion if packaged products are included, up from $1 billion in 1990s (Flynn, 2014). The United States and Europe have the highest demand for organic products compared to other nations (Lohr, n. d. p. 68). Identifying dominance organic product consumers is a challenge, but some market research has shown consumers who choose to purchase organic products are generally well educated, millennials, higher income families, and households with children (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 2009, ORGANIC patience ANALYSIS 5 p. 4-5).The United States consumes approximately 44% of the global organics market followed by Europe at 41% (Aggarwal, 2014 p. 3). The remaining countries that contribute to the consumption and export of organic foods may have difficulty in exporting goods due to individual national standards and export acts (Aggarwal, 2014 p. 3). Demand for organic products is not central to 1 part of the world many countries and cultures realize the importance of consuming foods free of harmful chemicals.Supply Demand has grown for organic products however, there is a shortage of organic farming land, which may negatively conflict supply. The organic industry is constrained by its supply chain there are only so many farms to produce organic goods and organic goods can only be shipped so far. According to the 2012 U. S. enumerate of Agriculture, there are now around 17,000 organic farms in the U. S. out of an estimated 2. 1 million entireness farms acreage used for organic agriculture accounts for just 0. 6 percent of all U. S. farmland, while organic food sales begin up over 4 percent of the total annual food sales.(Young, 2014) The organic farm shortage is an important variable to the organic industry because consumers who tend to purchase organic products generally want to support local farmers in a grass roots type of endeavour excluding climate specific food such as, bananas, coffee, limes, and pineapples (Greene, 201 3). Contributing to the supply shortage in the United States are strict national standards set in place by the USDA and strict requirements for voltage farmers smell to transition into the organic industry.Also contributing to the shortage in organic food and ORGANIC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 6 products are large box retail stores, such as Whole victuals Markets, Wal-Mart, Tesco, and Target. Wal-Mart is the United States largest grocer and is competing for organic goods to remain competitive against its competitors, such as Target, which has made agreements with organic producers to supply products for its stores (Hopkinson, 2014). Partnering with organic companies, large retail box stores have created their own brands of organic products to reduce costs associated with providing customers a good range of product choice. Price Changes collectable to Supply and DemandHistorically, organic food is more high-ticket(prenominal) than conventional food (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 2009, p. 5). Or ganic food prices come with a premium due to costs snarled in growing and harvesting crops. Prices are set through the suppliers because the organic standards restrict the certification of potential farmers. The certification process slows down potential farmers launching the industry, which reduces the number of producers available to farm the produce and make products. The reduction in organic products available reduces supply and increases demand.Market shelf placements of organic foods are get premiums and farmers are realizing the advantages of entering the market. As demand rises for organic products, the current producers are not able to nonplus sufficient crop production compared to industry growth. In any competitive market, when demand rises so does opportunity.Due to the premium prices associated with producing products in the organic industry, many farmers may potentially conform to industry standards and convert their farms. The potential for commercial organic farm s may also increase due to the undeniable growth of the industry. As more competition enters the organic industry, prices will drop.Large retail box stores, such as Whole Food Markets, Wal-Mart, Tesco, and Target may also have a significant effect on the price of organic ORGANIC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 7 foods and products. Wal-Marts expansion into the organic market has the capability to reduce organic food prices alone due to the numbers of stores across the nation. In conclusion, the undeniable growth in the organic industry is a product of consumer mistrust of conventional growers, mainly due to toxic chemicals used in the production of food.The growth of the organic food industry is directly related to food safety and health conscious consumers who do not mind spending more money to consume uncontaminated products. Consumer demand has been the driving force of much of the organic industry since the end of the recession in 2009.The high consumer demand for organic food is part of an i nitiative from well-educated people, millennials, higher income families, and households with children, resulting in a 3,400% in the last 25 years creating a $35 billion industry (Flynn, 2014). With the high demand for organic goods, suppliers are unable to confirm sustainable level operations due to lack of organic farmland. legion(predicate) of the problems associated with the organic food industry are centered on strict certifications that are necessary to maintain product integrity the stringent certifications are creating supply shortages. The strict organic standards hinder potential farmers from entering into the organic industry. For example, farmers must be pesticide free for at least three years before beingness certified to produce organic food. Large retail box stores are recognizing the growth of the organic food industry and are currently adding more products annually, but even so, demand exceeds supplies.As the organic food industry continues to grow, prices for org anic goods should reduce due to the increased competition in the market. ORGANIC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 8.References Aggarwal, P. (2014). Supply chain management of locally grown organic food A leap toward sustainable development. Retrieved from http//www. cognizant. com/InsightsWhitepapers/Supply-Chain-Management-of-Locally- grown-Organic-Food-A-Leap-Toward-Sustainable-Development-codex928. pd Dimitri, C. , Oberholtzer, L. (2009).Marketing U. S. organic foods recent trends from farms to consumers. USDA, Economic Research Service, (58). Retrieved from http//www. ers. usda.gov/media/185272/eib58_1_. pdf Flynn, D. (2014). Report Organic industry achieved 25 years of fast growth through fear and deception, Food Safety News. Retrieved from, http//www. foodsafetynews. com/2014/04/report-fast-growing-organics-industry-is- intentionally-deceptive/. VL0ILWd0xjo Greene, C. (2013).Growth patterns in the U. S. organic industry. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1518534011? account id=35796 Hopkinson, J. (2014). Will Wal-Mart gobble up organic food supply? Retrieved from http//www. politico. com/story/2014/04/walmart-organic-food-105631. html Lohr, L. (n.d. ). Factors affecting international demand and trade in organic food products. USDA, Economic Research Service. Retrieved from http//www. ers. usda. gov/media/293617/wrs011j_1_. pdf ORGANIC INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 9 Organic. (2015).In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/organic Research and markets adds report United States organic food market report 2013-2018. (2014). Manufacturing Close Up, Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1498350288? accountid=35796 Young, T. (2014). Organic check-off. Retrieved from https//ota. com/organic-check.

Work Placement Skills Essay Example for Free

Work Placement Skills EssayBriefing on micturate spotlightments and the importance of their inclusion in the DDA dismantle 2 It is important to distinguish between different kinds of stool come outments. Skill would pleasurable clarification as to which posts will be covered by the amendments to the DDA government agency 2. Skill has put in concert this briefing on different shells of acquirement that whitethorn include release trainments. The examples used ar non actual case studies, unless reflect the concerns that Skill is aware of, and include situations of which we train been informed. 1Work based learning Work based learning organisations often deliver a large amount of training in the releaseplace.In a majority of instances trainees are on a Modern Apprenticeship programme and as such(prenominal) are give as employees thitherfore are covered under part 2 of the DDA. However, in a substantial minority of cases, trainees are on other programmes where the y are taught at a scarper based training organisation but spend a substantial amount of fourth dimension on placement. Skill would presume that these trainees would come under erupt 2 under the new regulations. It is sure enough essential they do as so much of their programme is delivered in the work place. Tanya is on an subroutine skills course run by a work based learning organisation.Some of her training takes place at the work based learning organisation but Tanya has to attend two substantial work placements. Tanya is a wheelchair user and dyslexic. Some of the adjustments she requests in relation to physical access are that furniture is position in a way which allows her free access in her wheelchair and a desk which a wheelchair bathroom rival underneath. In terms of her dyslexia she works best when files etc. are very clearly marked, for example with wring coding. She works much better when using a computer than when having to write down things by hand.Her tutors crap visited her work placement with her and can support her with many of the adjustments. However, if they are to be fully implemented they require the active support of her employer and other staff. The employer is clearly disturbed at the fact that Tanya requires these adjustments and mutters that he knows he has duties to his change employers but this does not extend to trainees who are merely on work placement. 2Further education Increasingly much and more than further education students are going on work placements. In some instances these are students on a vocational NVQ programme.Justine, who is partially sighted, is on an NVQ training course in catering at a further education college. The theoretical and some of the virtual(a) parts of the course take place at college but students in addition pee to spend blocks of time in different work places. ii of Justines work placements are very accommodating. However the third, a restaurant kitchen, behave in a very unfrien dly way. They refuse to print out any recipes in large print motto that this is not their job which means that Justine finds it very difficult to carry out her assignments.In the second workweek they ring up the college and demand that she is removed from the kitchen because they believe that her visual impairment poses a health and caoutchouc risk. Her tutor arranges for her to do double time at one of her other placements but this is not sublime as it means that she has a narrower range of experiences than other students on the course. In other cases they are students on an academic programme such as A levels where the work placement is not directly cogitate to their course but is very important in giving them an understanding of how the workplace works and what they faculty like to do in the future.In some instances they might be students on a more general programme (for example an En search Level course or a programme for populate with learning difficulties). In these cas es the purpose of the work placement is to extend their experiences, give them an understanding of the realities of work, and enable them to try out a particular vocational area. Mohammed has learning difficulties and is studying on a life skills course. Part of this course is to have work experience for half a day a week for a term in the topical anesthetic community.Mohammed discusses possible work placements with his tutor and it emerges that he would really like to work in a shop. After writing many letters, Mohammeds tutor finally manages to arrange for Mohammed to have a work placement one afternoon a week at a local shop. Mohammeds tutor spend some time at the placement with Mohammed supporting him in how to actualize the most out of his placement, but he had many students he was responsible for and so could not be there on an ongoing basis.Although Mohammed enjoyed his afternoons at the work placement, the manager of the shop expressed frustration that he was not able to carry out tasks without support and complained about the way in which he was perpetually hanging around customers which put them off. He said it was not his place to provide support for Mohammed and he needed someone who could cast on with the job. After four weeks the manager sent Mohammed substantiate to the college, saying he wanted someone normal next time. 3 high education In higher education, there are a number of courses that involve vocational work placements.One such example would be that of nursing and midwifery. All such courses have work placements central to them, and rightly so, as they are practical and vocational subjects. However, these placements can be difficult for disabled students. Steve is studying a BSc in Nursing at his local University. In order to complete the degree, students have to pass a number of exams and also cut three periods of work placements. Steve has dyslexia, which means that his handwriting is poor and so he has asked to be able to type up his patient records.He is also aware that colleagues may think he is more possible to make mistakes on the drugs round, but as all nurses are checked before medication is administered to patients, he thinks this should be ok. Once he is qualified and employed, his employer would make reasonable adjustments such as these under DDA part 2. Despite an excellent track record, the third placement provider refused to make any adjustments for Steve, and spuriously cited health and Safety law as a reason to expel him from the placement, stating the reason as being because his dyslexia meant he could not do the drug rounds and that his patient records were illegible.Because of this he failed his second year at University and will have to repeat the whole year if he wishes to gain his degree. There are also increasing metrical composition of sandwich courses on offer from universities, where students undertake a four-year course, of which the second or third year is spent in industry. T hese placements can be mandatory and without their completion a student may either not be able to progress to the next year of their course or they may not get the extra qualification or recognition that accompanies the completion of the year in industry.Often these placements consist of paid employment, and students are therefore covered by the existing DDA Part 2. However there examples of where students are not paid for these placements. Disabled students may find it more difficult to find a paid placement and so may be more likely to undertake a placement on a voluntary basis. Kerry is studying for a degree in IT. She has MS. As part of her degree, she spends a year in industry. This is a compulsory part of the course, and comes highly recommended by her university, as it will help her to get a job after graduating in a very competitive market.Students are required to complete the placement and also produce a 4000 word report on their placement year, which is worth 10 attribute in the final year. Kerry is keen to do a placement, but because of her MS gets turned down from all the places she applies to. Undeterred, she tries instead to find a voluntary placement. She manages to arrange a placement, but her status as an medical intern means that she is asked to shift boxes and help staff with filing and photocopying, which because of her disability she cannot do.Her colleagues are also very unkind to her because of her disability, and she leaves the placement early, therefore failing the placement year and unable to complete the assignment. Recently, an unpublished survey by AGCAS (the Association of Graduate Careers Advisory Services) showed that disabled students can be just as successful as their non disabled peers in finding graduate employment. This said, they found that there were higher percentages of disabled graduates starting in clerical and secretarial, craft, personal service and sales jobs, as swell up as in part time and unpaid work.It was concluded that this may be because they may have difficulties in accumulating work experience epoch they are students. This clearly calls for work placements to be covered by the DDA so that disabled students have an correspond chance to progress onto graduate employment after university. 4Self-organised placements There is also a greater vehemence on students finding and arranging work experience themselves, for example in the holiday periods, not on a paid basis. This is becoming increasingly important for students looking to enter employment.The Dearing Report on Higher Education (1997) recommended that all undergraduates should undertake a period of work experience as part of their course, in order to improve employability. This may be seen as even more important for disabled students, who may find it more difficult to progress onto employment after study. Catriona has always dreamed of being a journalist. She is blind, but uses her Braille n Speak electronic notetaking devic e to take notes when she interviews people. She previously worked on her develop newspaper, and now that she is at college she wants to get some more work experience.She writes to a number of local and regional papers offering to cover stories for them. One paper offers her a few assignments but states that she must be able to use shorthand, as if she goes on assignment in Court, they will not allow electronic notetakers. Her disability means that she is unable to agree to these terms, despite the fact that she could undertake all other kinds of assignment. Although she feels that she has been treated less favourably, she feels unable to appeal because of her status as volunteer.It is hard to make a clear bank note between which of these types of placement could be classed as part of vocational training and which not. Some are more directly related to a vocational learning programme. However, they all have the aim of supporting learners in their transition (whether immediate or i n the future) to employment. Currently disabled people are significantly under-represented in paid employment, and it is important that any support possible is given to them to change this situation. A successful work placement is a very important factor in helping this to happen.These periods of work placement also form an integral part of an individuals learning programme. If a disabled person is discriminated against in the workplace or does not have an essential reasonable adjustment made for them, this may well result in them dropping out of the placement and hence failing a particular part of their course. Under DDA Part 4 education providers currently have a responsibility to disabled learners when on work experience. The education provider has a responsibility to prepare both the student and the placement provider for the placement, and set up the necessary support.However, there is only so far they can go in ensuring discrimination does not take place and in making reasonab le adjustments to the work placement. For example they can insist on a statement from the employer but cannot actually ensure that no discrimination takes place they can suggest that, for example, furniture needs to be rearranged in order to accommodate a wheelchair user, but cannot actually authorise its movement. This can only be assured if employers themselves have duties to people on work placements as they already do towards their employees.

The concept of angel in the house had been overturned Essay Example for Free

The image of angel in the put forward had been overturned EssayDo you agree with the view that, by 1882 the concept of angel in the tin had been overturned?In witness F a book by Caroline Norton published in 1854, she claims that her husband George Norton was holding her children as hostages as he thought that if he had a great power over the children that he dummy up had power over her. Nevertheless, he did non realise that she would fight and campaign to have the right to salvage her children under her custody. By this condemnation she was no all-night a angel in the house as she went against her husband, she similarly wanted a divide but she could no divorce him for criminal conversation as she had interpreted him back so that she could see her children.In 1857 the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act was passed which made divorce a lot easier as it nastyt that divorce could happen through a court of law rather than by a Private Act of Parliament. This made divorce cheaper and a lot faster than it was before. There were also clauses in the Act, which gave women more than rights to things such as her income if she was deserted by her husband and a wo man was open to inherit or bequeath property the same as a single woman could. This was passed partially due to Caroline Nortons efforts and her experiences influenced the clauses, which were inserted in to the Act. This Act meant that more and more women were weakness to fit into the angel in the house concept of creating a safe haven for her husband external from the harsh reality of the right(prenominal) world.Even thought laws such as the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act were but in to pop men nonoperational thought that they had power over their wives. In 1891 there was the Jackson Case, Mr Jackson had been away in New Zealand and returned to find that his wife did non want to speak to him so he locked her up until her friends campaigned for her release. After a long legal battle, i t was decided that Mr Jackson had no right to lock up his wife and force her to live with him. These laws were changing womens attitudes toward how they thought they should be treated by men, they no longer were happy to stay at home and look after their house and family under the angel in the house concept. However, men did not like this change and still wanted this power over their wives. separate laws also came in to place like the Married womens Property Acts of 1870 and 1882. These again were fought for by women such as Barbara Leigh Smith and gave women more right to their own property rather than the husband getting all of their property. In 1854 Barbara Leigh Smith started to campaign for a change in the laws on womens property. She wrote articles, started beseechs and set up all-woman committees. One petition that was handed in to fan tan had 26,000 signatures. The first act furnished women to keep up to 200 in clams and personal property, the second act gave women cont rol over all money and property they brought with them in to pairing it also allowed them to continue with any trade or business they were working on before they were married, victimisation their own money and property. This meant that women could work so could no longer follow the angel in the house concept because they no longer had to stay at home.The LNA was set up in 1869 lead by Josephine Butler to fight against the Contagious Diseases Act. This was significant because it meant that many middle- and upper-class women were campaigning to help prostitutes by missing the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Act. This had never happened before as middle- and upper-class women thought that they were above prostitutes and that prostitutes were dirty and brought it on themselves before this campaign began.They thought that is was not right because they thought it was wrong to forcibly detain and equalise women for these diseases against their will. When the men that were using the p rostitutes did not have to be detained and checked charge thought if the men did not use them then there would not be the problem of prostitution as there would be no demand. This went against the angel in the house concept as it meant that women were out campaigning rather than staying at home doing what was thought to be acceptable for middle- and upper-class women to be doing at the time such as corresponding.Source G is a cartoon published on the front cover of the illustrated Police intelligence in April 1891. It asks Is Marriage a Failure? and it gives the answer of As a Rule Yes. It shows illustrations depicting marriages of money, for divorce, of beatings and of obeying. This suggests that tribe only married for certain reasons. It also shows an illustration of a divorce court and two muckle walking their different ways with the other man and the other woman in the shadows suggesting that two lot cannot commit to each other solely. This shows that people were no longer concerned with the angel in the house concept as women were committing adultery and getting divorces. This source however depicts this situation as been the norm even thought there were people in happy marriages that would not want a divorce.However, there was still a social soil attached to getting a divorce. In middle- and upper-class societies, it was still not the done thing to be a divorce single woman or to commit adultery as they were meant to pure and save themselves for their husbands. So many women did not get divorces and stayed with their husbands. Also if a man did not want a divorce and it was the woman that was trying to divorce her husband she had to prove that he had committed adultery and either bigamy, rape, sodomy, bestiality, cruelty or long-term desertion as well. Where as a husband only had to prove that his wife was committing adultery. This made it harder for a wife to get a divorce if her husband did not want to divorce her so many just suffered at home a nd carried on living with the angel in the house concept.The Womens Property rights were withdrawn at the last minute to allow the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act to be passed and become law. This was because people were too afraid to present parliament with two bills trying to change the status of women would frighten the men MPs of the time. In addition, they thought that it would mean that they would vote against both of the bill thinking that too much was been done at one time too quickly. Additionally the Reform Act of 1867 did not include womens franchise. So women had to stay with their husbands else they would have no right to their property as it legally all belonged to their husbands once they had married.I would agree on the all told that by 1882 the concept of the angel in the house had been mostly overturned. Womens attitudes were changing and they wanted more and more rights. Middle- and upper-class women such as Caroline Norton and Josephine Butler were beginning campaign to get rights for themselves and others. Laws were been passed and cases won in court in favour of women. People were also starting to realise that more and more marriages were failing and people getting divorces.However, by 1882 the angel in the house concept had not been completely overturned, as there were still people that did still believe in the angel in the house concept and not all marriages were failing and getting divorced. One reason for this was that there was a social stigma attached to getting a divorce that stopped some people, additionally divorce was still an overpriced and a long process.

Motivational Factor at Tesco Essay Example for Free

Motivational Factor at Tesco EssayThese theories concentrate of the benefits and importance of motive, thus far researcher found it necessary for this research to consider that as it is mentioned by Vercueil, 2001 incorrectly implemented penury prudence causes a harmful affect on the employees. Watt, 1998 refers to Anon saying that in the past indigence could be identifies as a way to deliver people fate what we want and differs it from manipulation that makes individuals do what we want. notwithstanding today as it mentioned by Bruce and Pepitone, 1999 modern employees are much more sophisticated and are in search for a greater satisfaction from the job they are doing. Artificial reward or money alone are nor enough. Therefore modern organisations motive to learn and understand human spirit as it indicates why people in these case employees behave in a fall inicular manner. Managers need to motivate the employee leading to a grater working performances and mainly ma nagers have to understand their employees needs and their life brass section in order to meet the employees expectations and motivate ones performance more efficiently. Staff retention is a remarkable element of every successful business.It is characterized by the employees desire to sustain in the placement and continuing role to the business. In times of economic crisis more and more individuals have to stay at their jobs even if conditions are not favorable due to a risk of being unable to provide for a family. However more and more individuals are raising the importance of provide penury management. governances today have recognise that a modern employee needs to be rightly motivated and encouraged, not only(prenominal) money wise, to moderate staff retention.Motivation is a baron that stimulates people to perform an action. Therefore need is a force which compel people go to their work every day and that is why people bring progress in themselves to satisfy the desi re of becoming or accomplishing what they have set out to become or accomplish in their life. More over with motif any complicated situation can be converted into a simple and learning experience. In his research Watt, 2003 also states that managers must understand that individuals want to be treated fairly and have equal opportunities to advance.He highlights the problem of motivation today. Often system of ruless do not recognize that the motivation management requires different approaches depending on the industry sectors. The problem of motivation and staff performance as it is stated by Green et al, 1999 might stay undetected, hidden and unresolved by the managers. Therefore managers often dont realize that it is important not only to appeal to the individuals intellect but to their hearts as well. Green et all, 1999 also identifies three main problems for motivation Lack of confidence Lack of trust Lack of satisfaction Well designed and implemented motivation strategy lead s to employees retention therefore employees loyalty. Loyalty is a significant and vital part of any organisation. As it is mentioned by Daft and Marcic, 2011 management should learn to allow all it s employees make a contribution and use its talents and potential in order to progress and improve their skills. This sort of motivation creates employees retention and ensures ones constant grow and contribution to the familiarity. TK MAXX has a well developed reward and development management.Organization believes that its people should be growing as well as the business. From the first time the employee joins the company organization provides a comprehensive induction programs and ensures that whether it is about moving up the career ladder, learning and development of newfound skills or gaining experience working in different countries there are plenty of available opportunities for the employees. federation has a strong rewards and benefits system, pension scheme, holidays, priv ate healthcare and voluntary benefits as a part of its employee motivation and ensures of employees happiness and satisfaction.All this provides companies growth and efficient performances with a high rate of employees retention. Researcher believes that T. K. ooze is a real example of a right motivation management. Organization aims at ensuring satisfaction of its employees and at the same time ensures a solid growth and development for the business. Therefore the researcher wanted to turn up the motivation strategies used by T. K. Max and analyze its effect on the employees. 1. 3. The Company Background The organization that we have chosen for our research is one of the most successful retailers in the commercialise today. T. K.Max management in the Uxbridge branch were excited and happy to participate in our research and granted us with a permission to use the organizations name in this investigation. T-K Maxx is a chain of clothing and accessories stores. The company was launc hed in 1994. It is a subsidiary of TJX Companies Inc. (TJXtra, JUNE 2010) TK MAXX always aimed to deliver frequently changing and best quality products at a price which is 20-60% less than other department and specialty stores regular prices. TK MAXX has label of Always up to 60% less and has target customers who is middle to upper-middle income shopper.But simultaneously who are fashion and value conscious. T. K. MAXX is at one time 7th largest fashion retailer in the U. K. It introduced the off price concept in the UK and it is now the only major off-price retailer in Europe. It was operating in UK and Ireland. Later on T. K. Maxx opened first stores in Germany in 2007 and also entered in Poland in 2009 (TJXtra, JUNE 2010) The reason why we the researcher choose TK-Maxx as an organization is its market share and the enormous global scale that its operate. Having its unique position in UK market T. K.

History of Caloocan Essay Example for Free

History of Caloocan EssayThe residents of Caloocan must have been proud of its city. Other than a thriving past, the city had somehow dramatic toss with times then. Now, it continues to set ground-breaking achievements for its people and visitors. Caloocan had its famous episode in 1896 when Filipino troops fought against Spanish tyrants and advocates. The world was stirred by it. The citys name derivation has a story behind. Its said to have come from the Tagalog term lo-ok, which means bay, as Caloocan is secure close to the manila paper Bay. Others followed another(prenominal) version that lo-ok referred to coigne because the town was concretely located at the corner in early days. Historical accounts tell us that Chinese and Indians were the first settlers of Caloocan. Their features are mostly dull-colored with concentrate beard, flat nose and black eyes. Most dwellers in the past worked as fishermen especially those residing in Dagat-Dagatan, Navotas and Manila Bay are as. Those huge rural areas like Maysilo Estate were possessed by the Jesuits while Piedad was owned by Don Pedro de Galarraga.Cruz and Naligas Estates were possessed by the friars. The first terrain of Caloocan stretched up to the foothills of Marikina, Tala Rivers, San Francisco del Monte, Sampalok, Sta. Cruz, Tondo and Tanza. The first Catholic Church in Caloocan was erected in 1765 by the Spanish Augustinian scholars who made it to lo-ok in 1762, but in 1814, religious governance was assumed by the Recollects. Caloocan started to grow in 1802 that led to its becoming a municipality in 1815. The door for economic progress unresolved when the railroad project connecting Manila and Dagupan was fulfilled in 1892.It made business transactions quicker and brought Caloocan ambient to the bustling Metro Manila. In 1896, however, the people of Caloocan with the leadership of Andres Bonifacio rebelled against the Spaniards. It resulted in numerous revolutions one after another in all pro vinces of the Philippines. Eventually, Spain ceded the nation in 1898, but the Americans arrived. It was another test for Caloocan to get through. Periods of reconstruction were experienced. upstart roads, public schools and railways were erected. Later, Caloocan had to endure three years of Japanese invasion.When Philippine Independence was proclaimed in 1946, Caloocan gained its bona fide freedom after all. Its also important to note that the galleon trade history in Caloocan contributed to its growth. The trade and import of products resulted to the coming in of Mexican money. It mutually improved the economies of Manila and Acapulco. Export products generated by Caloocan businessmen were in great demand for this trade. This growth continued as years went by, and now, Caloocan is harvesting the fruits of its labor.

Evolution vs Creationism Essay Example for Free

Evolution vs Creationism EssayIn the hi falsehood of acquirement vs. religion thither has been no issues more hotly debated than that of developing vs. creationism. The issue is passionately debated since the majority of evidence is in esteem of evolution, but the creation point of view can neer be assured wrong because of farsighted standing spiritual beliefs. Hu homo creation is seperated into three simple beliefs creation possibleness, realistic evolution possibility, and theistical evolution scheme. The complexities of all three sides create a difficult dilemma for what theory to support among commom people, religious or non-religious. The theories of human evolution tend to always cause a heated dispute in modern American society. Each theory presents its own evidence proving its acceptance, but lacks enough evidence to prove the other theories incorrect. All the theories that attempt to explain human existence fall under the categories of creation theory, int ernalistic evolution theory, and the theistic evolution theory. The creation theory explains that a certain God, or Gods created the reality, and evolution does non exist.The naturalistic evolution theory states that evolution is driven by purely natural forces, and is not controlled by any input from a god, goddess, or multiple deities. The theistic evolution is a mixture of both creation and naturalistic theories. The theistic evolution theory states that god created the world and guides the evolution process (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The selective information presented in evolution studies must be viewed with an open mind since there is no definite demonstration or law of evolution. The dilemma boils down to skill vs. religion.God has been viewed as our creator by distinct societies for thousands of years, but the disc overies of recent science be suddenly questioning the origins of our existence. With new discoveries, scientific theories may maintain over religious th eories. Until science proves its naturalistic theory correct, the world will have to choose betwixt the three theories establish on personal beliefs, religious values, and scientific information. The creation theory includes over five hundred different creation stories based on numerous religions (Religious Tolerance, 2004).The vast number of stories creates strains on which evolution story is accurate. Christians that are creationists take their holy texts literally and believe the earth is around 10,000 years old. The creation theory will always exist with religion, so the creation theory can never be proven wrong since it is simply a religious belief. Religion is still very important in the linked States, and the acceptance of the naturalization theory would completely change Christianity all together.Religious Tolerance, a website that outlays the conflict of evolution vs. creationism, explains how naturalism would shake Christianity. Religious tolerance states that the accep tance of evolution would make people interpret genesis symbolically and classify evolution stories as myths. Since the creation stories are closely tied to the fall of man and to original sin, the entire role of Jesus would change. Without original sin, there would be no need for a savior, and Christianity would change drastically.This pull ahead proves that the creation theory will live as long as religion. The Gallup administration studies what percentages of Americans believe in each of the three theories. 44% of Americans believe in the creation theory (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The naturalistic and theistic theories of evolution were unheard of until about 200 years ago. With modern science, popularity is growing between these deuce theories. Naturalistic evolution is built on Darwins ideas of natural variation and selection and Mendels model of genetic inheritance (Steen, 2001).Darwin and Mendel both could not explain how evolution occurs, but recent studies have shown e volution does occur by observing the evolution of fruit flies, and the Tilapia fish (Religious Tolerance, 2004). Scientists argue that observing human evolution is close to impossible because the past 2000 years have proved little, and relying on fossils leads to many interpretations.Even though naturalistic evolution raises many questions, the theory also has many established facts. General acceptance of creation science would mean that the entire foundational structure and inner relationships of many sciences (geology, biology, astronomy, nuclear sciences, etc. ) become meaningless, and would have to be aband singled (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The naturalistic theory incorporates many aspects of the sciences into its proof. If creation science is both(prenominal)how proved correct, the sciences are useless. spec is the newest theory of evolution.Specification is having members of a population adapt to their environments to better suit themselves, and the members will pass th is peculiarity on to the future members. Ian Steward of New Scientist states, Specification is a complex business, taking place over vastly different scales of size and time. There is no reason to suppose that it is governed by just one force-after all, we know that genetic mutations and sexual re combination of existing genes vie with environmental influences, depletion of resources, parasites, migration and disease he maths show up that far from being a surprising phenomenon, it would be very odd if specification didnt occur. Strictly based on science, evolution would follow the naturalistic theory. The naturalistic theory falls behind on the popularity of creationism and theistic evolution in the United States because of religion, the questions raised by the legitimacy of fossils, and the simple fact that the evolution of humans occurs over a period of time inaccessible to humans. (Steen, 2001) According to the Gallup brass section, 99% of scientists believe in the naturalisti c theory while only 10% of the U.S. population believes in the theory. A theory with growing popularity is the combination of the creation theory and the naturalistic theory.Theistic evolution theory supporters believe that evolution is controlled by God. more Religious institutions teach that evolution was under Gods control and guidance. Even Pope John Paul 11 is intrigued with recent discoveries stating, Today, more than a half century after this Human Genesis encyclical, new knowledge leads us to identify in the theory of evolution more than a hypothesis he convergence, neither sought nor generate of results of work done independently one from the other, constitutes in itself a significant argument in advance of this theory of evolution (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The popes decision to consider the recognition of evolution is based on many discoveries and theories including the intelligent endeavor theory.The intelligent design theory for the most part is a more sophistica ted version of creationism. Dr.Meyer (director of the middle for science and culture at the discovery institute) outlays the intelligent design theory stating, The current evolutionary theory cannot explain how new animal forms developed in the distant past. It advocates the theory of intelligent design, which holds that biological systems are so complex that they could have arisen only with the action of an intelligent force and not through purely random evolutionary processes (Monastersky, 2004).Dr.Meyers statement in support of the intelligent design theory states that natural evolution could not have developed humans because we are too intelligent. The theistic view shows some aspects of religion and supports substantiate information yet does not jump to conclusions over unproved evidence. The Gallop Organization reports that 39% of Americans have a theistic view on the topic of evolution (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The naturalistic evolutionary theory will continue to gain g round on creationism as time goes by and further information is found and proved.I predict that the theistic evolution theory will become the most popular theory in the United States and around the globe. The concept of religion in peoples heads will never let natural evolution be proved or accepted. The creationism theory and the theistic evolution theory will survive as long as religion. Evolution vs. creationism is in fact science vs. religion, and no theory will ever be unanimously accepted until either religion or science is totally abandoned. Evolution vs. creationism is a controversy that may never be totally agreed upon universally.

Nigeria as a Nation Essay Example for Free

Nigeria as a Nation EssayNigeria as a democratic country like every opposite race needs the media to drive or nurse good g everywherenance and engender field of study development. exclusively the media often im wedgeed as the fourth estate of the part eat up an enormous task to accomplish this fictional char executioner as the watchdog of the company of magnitude. The task or intention of the media has to a large extent non been causeively accomplished. It is important here to state that the primary role of the media in any given society is to in rebound, educate and entertain. This was encapsulated by Nwabueze (1982) when he tell that, the media enable corruption, pace of office and other(a)wise wrongdoing by public servants to be publicly exposed. Apart from these traditionalistic functions, the media perform other sophisticated roles, such as surveillance, order of business-setting through and through persuasion and status conferral. This was stressed by Tony Momoh (1988) when he give tongue to that the duty of the thrust in Nigeria is to monitor g overnance. You can agree with me that these functions can non be carried out without an enabling environment.In Nigeria and other African countries, the media operate to a lower attri bute a very pugnacious condition. For instance, about 80% of diary keepers in Nigeria do non shit salaries, non to talk of attractive wages. The hardly a(prenominal) that argon privileged to work in government media establishments receive salaries that be not commensurate with their work, Ukpabi (2001). early(a) problems like uncooperative attitude of officials in the public and toffee-nosed organizations in provideing entropy to the media.Public/ civilized servants often hide under the Secret Act to deny diary keepers information even if such information is of public interest. Despite the passage of the Freedom of Information (FOI) Bill into law, diarists and indeed the general public be s till finding it troublesome to access information in Nigeria. This has confirmed the fears expressed by Dr tail Idumange on 8th March, 2013 while de come throughring a lecture on Journalism Practice And The Constitutional Demands On Journalists-An X-ray Of The FOI Act during the Inter content Institute of Journalism (IIJ) Port Har judicatory Annual Lecture Series.Dr Idumange captured it thus, virtu alone(a)y whole government information in Nigeria are classified as top secret. This enculturation of secrecy go out make it difficult to get information from any Ministry, Department or Agency (MDA). This is further confused by the introduction of em brownnessness gasbag in news media get along in the country. dark-brown envelope could be be as a kind of expiation given to journalists after a media coverage by the organizers of such events, both to figure out them or get aureate reports.This new found culture has actually dealt a terrible blow on the inde writedence and the effectiveness of the journalists in performing their duties as the watchdog of the society. How do you reconcile a situation where a news start gives a journalist bribe (brown envelope) at the end of a media assignment? What kind of report do you expect from that journalist? The brown envelope syndrome has resulted to every Dick and Harry becoming publishers because they believe that reporters testament bring underpin m unrivaledy from the proceeds of the brown envelope at the end of every assignment.All the so-called publishers straight do is to issue the reporters with identity cards often referred to as meal-tickets to fend for themselves and even feed the publishers. Toure (1996). The case of this is the emergence of quackery in the news media profession. In Nigeria today, everybody that has a note-pad and a pen on his man force-out can exhibit himself as a journalist. No wonder the journalism profession is fast slue into an all- comers affair and pathetically the regulatory bodies, such as the Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ)and the Nigerian Press Council are not doing anything to check the ugly trend.Apart from the aforementioned problems, other challenges like exclusion or discrimination of journalists from one-on-one sector by government ministries from att decision their events, thereby creating room for speculation, as these private journalists resort to report government activities from the outside. This of pass over is not in the best interest of ministries, journalists and the society. This look will attempt to delimit the genesis of these hiccups, especially the brown envelope syndrome as they affect the role of Nigerian media in lend to national development.Attempt will also be made in this guinea pig to suggest or find solution to the myriad of problems confronting media practice in Nigeria. The overall goal is to ensure that the media discharge their duties effectively as the watchdog of the society and major contribu tor to national development. 1. 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The media are said to turn over a role that is often described as indispensable in determine the society and by so doing directing the people. The media ensure that people are treated fairly, social restrain is in mark and roles are shared equitably, thereby contributing to the national development of the country.It is the duty of the plenitude media to inform and educate the people on the realities of the environment to enable them take appropriate and informed decisions. It is one thing to carry the role and yet another thing to perform it. There are so many factors that affect the performance of this role of the media. For instance, the media require a conducive atmosphere to perform this duty. But it is an open secret that the atmosphere with which the media operate in Nigeria is far from being comfortable. Ukpabi (2001).Nigeria like every other country requires a vibrant press to make headway. It is often said th at the press, just like the court is the hope of the common man and indeed the entire society. The question flat is under what conditions check the media in Nigeria performed this statutory duty? This study will attempt to x-ray the roles of the media in Nigeria in national development. How they arrive faired in performing that duty. The effect of brown envelope on the media and the extent it has militated against the goals of contributing to national development.Attempts will be made in this study to suggest ways of limiting or eradicating the effects of this cankerworm called brown envelope. The aim is to see that the media live up to expectation as the watchdog of the society and pacesetter in engendering national development. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The negative effect of brown envelope syndrome does not renounce the media contribute to national development in Nigeria. This study seeks to trace the genesis and causes of this encroachment and recommend ways of tacklin g the problem.In other talking to, attempts will be made in this study to suggest ways of ending brown envelope syndrome in journalism practice in Nigeria. The media no disbelieve control all aspects of our lives, locally, nationally and internationally. Therefore, there is an inter-relationship between the people and the media. The media dictate to the people what they read and hear and by citation how they behave. The public is therefore sharpened by the information from the media. The public has so depended on the media that it is generally believed that the society will be dead without the media.This was examined by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw (1972/1973) when they emphasized that the trade media has the ability to mentally order or organize the world for the people. Daramola (2003) also corroborated this by stating that the agenda-setting opening is of the view that the media often posit to the audience certain basic socio-political and economic issues that dominate popular sermon and debate even at inter personal level at some period of their history. For the media to live up to this responsibility, a favourable atmosphere moldiness be put in place.As the media contribute their quota to the wellbeing of the society, it is expected that the people reciprocate by cooperating fully with the media. Nigeria is a complex country like every other nation this complexity has also robbed off on the media in the country. Ownership and control, censorship, editorial policy, intimidation, imposition by authorities, ban, rapture of printed materials, incarceration ,proscription of media houses, obnoxious laws, lack of subvention and motivation are some of the numerous problems confronting media practice in Nigeria, which no media organization wishes to operate in.These challenges have hampered the performance of journalists in the country and given birth to the hydra-headed devil of brown envelope or gratification before a journalist could perform his dut ies. Therefore, this study seeks to survive the effect of brown envelope syndrome on the role of the media in national development. 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The fair games of the study are as follows 1 To determine the roles of the media in national development. 2 To trace the cause and effect of brown envelope on the media.3 To determine the contributory effects of brown envelope syndrome on the media against national development. 4 To ascertain make ways of ending the menace (brown envelope). 1. 4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 What are the roles of the media in national development in Nigeria? 2 What are the causes and effects of brown envelope on the media in Nigeria? 3 To what extent has this brown envelope syndrome militated against the media from contributing to national development?5 How do we end the brown envelope syndrome in journalism profession in Nigeria? 1. 5 moment OF THE STUDY The study of this topic, called Role of the Nigerian Media in National Development and the Ef fects of embrown envelope Syndrome is significant in that the contribution of the Nigerian media to national development would be ascertained. The origin and effect of brown envelope on Nigerian media will also be established, with a view to exterminating the menace in journalism practice in Nigeria.The overall goal is to enthrone a more efficient and trusty media in Nigeria that would effectively play their statutory role as the watchdog of the society. 1. 6 DE limit/LIMITATION OF THE STUDY Due to the fact that the resources available for this study was limited, coupled with the time frame allocated to complete this study, this research was restricted to Port Harcourt, the Rivers State capital. 1. 7 DEFINITION OF TERMS MEDIA Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, info are disseminated.ROLE Part, duty or function performed to achieve a task. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT The mental process of growing in all spheres of human endeavor within a national bound ary over a period. EFFECT Outcome or result of something on another. BROWN ENVELOPE Kind of gratification given to journalists after a media function to either influence their report or appreciate them. 1. 8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Agenda Setting Theory The Agenda-Setting Theory was propounded by Maxwell McCombs and Donald L. Shaw in 1972/1973).The effort of the speculation is that the mass media have the ability to mentally order or organize the world for the people, Daramola (2003). Proponents of the agenda-setting theory were of the opinion that the media often present to the audience certain basic socio-political and economic issues that dominate popular hold forthion and debate even at inter-personal level at any given period in their history. For instance, the mass media can focus on an issue daily, thereby drawing the guardianship of the audience to the matter.Currently in Nigeria, the mass media have gradually focused on the need for the convocation of Sovereign National throng (SNC) to determine the continued existence of Nigeria as a nation. No wonder the Senate President, David Mark few weeks past threw his weight behind the call and just on October 1st, 2013 during the 53rd independent anniversary of Nigeria, President Goodluck Jonathan constituted a practicetee to that effect, thereby confirming the power of the agenda-setting theory of the media.Since the media is the basic source of information for an average person on the street and it is generally believed that what the media report or focus on is important. The media through the agenda-setting function influence or control the thought of the people. Whatever the media focus on conk outs what dominates public discussion. No wonder Combs and Shaw (1976) stated that the media emphasis on the event that influences the audience to see the event as important media not whole inform us, but also influence us as to what is important to know. Cohen (1963) also emphasized that the agenda-setting power of the media is not particularly successful in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. The era of militancy in the Niger Delta lent credence to the agenda-setting power of the media when they drew the attention of the entire world to the region. It is often argued that the militancy was overblown beyond proportion by the media, thereby make it more important than anything else.The recent face-off between President Goodluck Jonathan of Nigeria and the Chairman of Nigerian regulators Forum and governor of Rivers State, Rt. Hon Chibuike Amaechi was ( is) a case in point, when the media again displayed and are still displaying their power of dictating to the people what to think and discuss about. The state pardon granted the former governor of Bayelsa State, Diepreye Alamieseyegha also adverts among the incidents where the media commanded the attention of the public or audience to their dictate.This work will l ook at the extent this agenda-setting power of the media has contributed to national development in Nigeria. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0CODE OF ETHICS FOR NIGERIAN JOURNALISTS According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary ethic is frame of moral rules, rules of conduct. While chambers Dictionary defines morals as the study of counterbalance and wrong. Code of ethics for Nigerian journalists took the front burner on March 20th 1998 when the Nigerian Press Council organized a assembly in Ilorin, the Kwara State capital and formally ratified the new (current) code for Nigerian journalists.Code correspond to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary is collection of laws arranged in a system or system of rules and principles that has been accredited by society or a class or a group of people. The Ilorin declaration came on the heels of Decree No. 85 of 1992 as contained in the Nigerian Press Council, where eligibility criteria for entry into and practice of journalism in Niger ia were spelt out. The essence is to ensure that journalists adhere to high ethical standards and proism, bearing in bear in mind that their jobs entail high degree of public trust. Delegates at the said forum affirmed and declared as follows That weACCEPT the imperative of a Code of Ethics as a vital pillar of journalism and the necessity for the application of ethics to enhance standards AFFIRM that self-regulation through a Code of Ethics and other structures drawn up by passe-partouts would best serve the interest of both the profession and the public rank the Nigeria Union of Journalists, the Nigerian Guild of Editors and the Newspaper Proprietors Association of Nigeria to ensure the implementation of the eligibility criteria for entry into and practice of journalism in Nigeria, as contained in the Nigerian Press Council Decree No 85 of 1992 PLEDGE to place upright by the Code of Ethics and to promote the observance of its provisions by all journalists and URGE the Nigeria n Press Council to collaborate with the Nigerian Press Organization to publicize the Code of Ethics for the benefit of the press and the public, and ensure compliance with its provisions hereafter. PREAMBLEJournalism entails a high degree of public trust. To earn and maintain this trust, it is morally imperative for every journalist and every news medium to commemorate the highest professional and ethical standards. In the exercise of these duties, a journalist should always have a healthy regard for the public interest. Truth is the cornerstone of journalism and every journalist should strive diligently to ascertain the integrity of every event. Conscious of the responsibilities and duties of journalists as purveyors of information, we, Nigerian journalists, give to ourselves this Code of Ethics. It is the duty of every journalist to observe its provisions as follows 1. EDITORIAL INDEPENDENCEDecisions concerning the content of news should be the responsibility of a professional j ournalist. 2. ACCURACY AND FAIRNESS i. The public has a right to know. Factual, accurate, balanced and fair reporting is the ultimate objective of good journalism and the basis of earning public trust and confidence. ii. A journalist should refrain from publishing inaccurate and misleading information. Where such information has been inadvertently published, prompt correction should be made. A journalist must hold the right of reply as a cardinal rule of practice. iii. In the course of his duties a journalist should strive to separate facts from conjecture and comment. 3.PRIVACY As a general rule, a journalist should respect the privacy of individuals and their families unless it affects the public interest. A. Information on the private life of an individual or his family should however be published if it impinges on public interest. B. Publishing of such information about an individual as mentioned above should be deemed justifiable only if it is directed at i. Exposing crime or serious ravishment ii. Exposing anti-social conduct iii. Protecting public health, morality and safety iv. Preventing the public from being misled by some description or action of the individual concerned. 4. PRIVILEGE / NON-DISCLOSURE i.A journalist should observe the universally accepted principle of confidentiality and should not disclose the source of information obtained in confidence. ii. A journalist should not breach an musical arrangement with a source of information obtained as off-the-record or as background information. 5. DECENCY i. A journalist should beautify and comport himself in a manner that conforms with public taste. ii. A journalist should refrain from using offensive, shameful or vulgar language. iii. A journalist should not present lurid details, either in words or picture, of violence, sexual acts, abhorrent or horrid scenes. iv. In cases involving personal grief or shock, enquiries should be carried out and approaches made with sympathy and discretion. v.Unless it is in the furtherance of the publics right to know, a journalist should generally avoid identifying relatives or friends of persons convicted or accused of crime. 6. DISCRIMINATION A journalist should refrain form making pejorative reference to a persons ethnic group, religion, sex, or to any physiologic or mental illness or handicap. 7. REWARD AND GRATIFICATION i. A journalist should neither court nor accept bribes, gratifications or patronage to suppress or publish information. ii. To demand payment for the publication of news is inimical to the notion of news as a fair, accurate, unbiased and factual report of an event. 8. VIOLENCEA journalist should not present or report acts of violence, armed robberies, terrorist activities or vulgar display of wealth in a manner that glorifies such acts in the eyes of the public. 9. CHILDREN AND MINORS A journalist should not identify, either by name or picture, or interview children under the age of 16 who are involved in cases concerning sexual offences, crimes and rituals or witchcraft either as victims, witnesses or defendants. 10. ACCESS OF training A journalist should strive to employ open and honest means in the gathering of information. exceeding methods may be employed only when the public interest is at stake. 11. PUBLIC INTERESTA journalist should strive to enhance national unity and public good. 12. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY A journalist should promote universal principles of human rights, democracy, justice, equity, peace and international understanding. 13. PLAGIARISM A journalist should not copy, in large quantities or in part, other peoples work without attribution and/or consent. 14. COPYRIGHT i. Where a journalist reproduces a work, be it in print, broadcast, art work or design, proper acknowledgement should be accorded the author. ii. A journalist should abide by all rules of copyright, established by national and international laws and conventions. 15. embrace FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY A journalist should strive at all times to enhance press immunity and responsibility. 2. 1Instances Of Unethical Practices In Journalism Sensationalism in writing by journalists is one of the instances of wrong practices in journalism. A situation where a journalist deviates from the truth for reasons best known to him is to say the least(prenominal) unethical. In the course of sensationalizing the story, the journalist exaggerates and distorts the facts, which leads to misinforming the public. Nyamnjoh (1996). This kind of practice is not only wrong, but inimical to the growth of sound journalism practice in the country. Libel is another instance of unethical practice.A calumniatory publication is a publication either in print or electronic media that defames the two-base hit of a person or corporate body. It is an outright falsehood on a persons image deliberately done by a journalist for selfish interest. Sedition is yet another unethical practice in journalism practice in t he world today. It is an act of using publication or broadcast to incite the public against the government. This is unethical by all ramifications. Accepting gratifications of any kind by a journalist to publish story against his conscience is unethical and should be condemned by all amicable persons. Name-calling in journalistic reportage is to say the least unethical.Some journalists for reasons best known to them call people names such as thief, fraudsters, coward, amongst others without any evidence. Soola (1996). This is unethical and unprofessional and should be discouraged by all well-meaning Nigerians. 2. 2Primary Causes Of Unethical Practices In Journalism To be unethical simply means to act unprofessionally. numerous factors have been adduced as causes of unethical practices in Journalism, especially in Nigeria. First is lack of welfare for practicing journalists in Rivers State and in Nigeria. It is an open secret today that close journalists practice or operate under unfriendly welfare package. In fact, seven out of every ten journalists practicing, in Nigeria are either not paid or paid peanuts as salaries.This unfavourable working condition no doubt affects the judgment of the journalists in the discharge of their duties. Most journalists especially from the private (independent) media organizations are not paid salaries at all, not to talk of being paid well. Some that are employed have no solitude benefits, as their counterparts in the other sectors. Cole (1995). This kind of engagement has bred poverty in the entire system. A hungry man they say is an angry man. Journalists, who fall under this unfortunate category, helplessly and easily fall prey to unethical practices just to survive. Quackery has also crept into journalism practice in the country.Though not peculiar with journalism, but for the fact that the regulatory bodies of the media tend to be weak or are not living up to expectation, quacks capitalize on this weakness to infiltra te the rank and file of journalism practitioners to commit all sorts of crimes which in most cases are blamed on journalists. The major problem here is that since the regulatory bodies, such as the Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ) and Nigerian Press Council have not been able to effectively order journalism practice in the country, mostly as it concerns mode of employment for journalists and standards to be adhered to by private publishers, ethics of journalism practice now becomes difficult.What you now have are bunch of people who parade themselves as journalists when they are really not and of course lawlessness and unethical practice now become the order of the day. Anyakora Potiskum (1996). Other factors include uncooperative attitude of people placed in authorities to volunteer information for journalists when sought. This has created room for speculations, when the required information are not given to journalists. Again, the deliberate attempt by government and its agent s to exclude the private sector journalists from their functions, result to journalists reporting government activities as outsiders, thereby speculating or at times sensationalizing virtually everything concerning government.The deliberate effort of government at all levels to impoverish journalists through unfavourable policies that are inimical to journalism practice in the country, for example the media is constitutionally regarded as the stern Estate of The Realm, which makes it the fourth arm of government, but while the other three arms, the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary adore budgetary provisions, the press is allowed to wallow in poverty. The flimsy reason often adduced for this utter neglect is that the pen is already too powerful and therefore if the press enjoys financial support, it will trample on other arms of government. Toure (1996). 2. 3Role of the Nigerian Media In National Development National Development as has earlier been defined is the process of gro wth in all facets of human endeavors within a national boundary over a given period.The role of the Nigerian media in national development like any other media globally revolves around its primary functions of informing, educating and entertaining the populace or better still mass audience. The media role in national development comes through development communication, which centres on persuading target audience in adopting the right attitude towards actualizing development plan in the country. In doing that, the development media theory as espoused by Combs and Shaw (1972) that drives the agenda setting theory comes to play. This states that the media tell us not what to think, but what to think about. What this means is that the importance the media place on an issue, determines the level of attention the audience give such issue.The essence of this agenda setting theory is that though the media may not completely change ones point of view, on a particular issue, but it tends to c hange his perception of what is good. The power of the media in influencing issues is seen as importance instrument in national developmental policies. The role of Nigerian media in national development cannot be over emphasized. Right from 1914 when the Northern and gray protectorates were amalgamated by the colonial government, the media have been playing a pivotal role in national development in Nigeria. Since the primary role of the media is to inform, educate and entertain, they also use these functions to persuade the people on the need to embark on certain processes that can engender national development.In addition to these basic functions of the media, also comes their persuasive role. This persuasive role enables the media to influence the society towards a particular direction. And in most cases the people are driven towards contributing to national development. According to Nwabueze (2003), the media also chart a course for the public in line with the agenda setting the ory, thereby creating in the minds of the people issues that should be viewed as priority issues, including development programmes and policies. Example of such roles are the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) and Vision 20 2020 in line with United Nations, which has been domesticated by countries, including Nigeria.The Nigerian media have been in the fore-front of sensitization of the people against the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS pandemic. To the credit of the media in the country, the rate of spread of HIV/AIDS has reduced drastically. The media in Nigeria have tried to contain the negative impact of the Boko Haram insurgence as it borders on the countrys national image. This is evident on the way foreign media perceive and report the Boko Haram insurgence saga. The idea is to play fine-tune on the effect of the security challenge and promote national development. On the political sphere, the recent Nigeria Governors Forum election that almost metamorphosed into a nationa l crisis has been contained by the role of the media.That is, the Nigerian media have been careful in reporting the controversial election in order not to heat up the polity. In short, it is the diplomatic way the media handled the situation through their reportage that sustained the prevailing peace in the country. The latest is the Peoples Democratic Party split. Being mindful of the sensitive nature of the matter, the media have been careful on reporting it. The ultimate goal is to ensure that national development is not disrupted. 2. 4Origin of Brown Envelope In Nigerian Journalism Practice Brown envelope which can be defined as gratification given to a journalist to obtain favourable report.The brown is said to have started in Nigeria during the Second Republic (1979-1983) when journalists started demanding brown envelope as a condition for conducting interview Uko (2004). The fearful act was allegedly started by government press who claimed that their salaries were low. This soon spread to the entire journalism practice and has now become the rule. A survey conducted by LICADHO (2008) showed that journalists tried to justify the brown envelope act and went ahead to argue that it does not affect their professional judgment (report). Ukpabi (2001) in his study on the very(prenominal) issue revealed that only 30 % of Nigerian journalists believe that bribe no matter the type should not be taken. In other words, brown envelope syndrome was generally accepted and embraced by majority of journalists in Nigeria since then.A random survey on brown envelope syndrome in the world shows that the practice is in vogue in virtually every part of Africa and Asia, except South Africa. Brown is however said to be forbidden in the United States of America, where journalists would not even allow a news source to buy them a cup of coffee. 2. 5Effect Of Brown Envelope On Journalism Practice In Nigeria Brown envelope syndrome has really dealt a terrible blow on the integrit y of journalists in Nigeria to the extent that journalists now relegate objectivity in reporting to the background and instead play up bias and subjectiveness in their news stories. This has paved way for mediocrity in the entire process. Brown envelope forces journalists to abandon the ethical practice for selfish interests.The result is that Nigerian journalists can no longer compete favorably with their counterparts in the western countries or even in South Africa where Brown envelope has no place in their journalism practice. Brown envelope syndrome has therefore dwarfed Nigerian journalists from international competition. The independence of the media or freedom of the press has suffered a great setback as a result of brown envelope. It has become difficult or even impossible to separate the journalists from news sources because of the brown envelope attachment. The situation has become so bad that journalists now relegate their function of informing, educating and entertaining the public to promoting public relations goals. The brown envelope syndrome has brought about neglect in news from the rural communities.It is assumed that every news story attracts brown envelope and most well to- do news sources that can afford brown envelope live in urban cities, therefore the journalists do not have any business reporting happenings in the rural areas, since the sources of such news are basically poor. The implication is that the rural communities remain unreported in the present dispensation. Another effect of brown envelope is that journalists in Nigeria have shunned investigative news stories and difficult more on events and press briefings where brown envelopes are guaranteed. This of course has almost eroded the essence of the media as the watchdog of the society.