Translation And Its Role In India English Language Essay

Translation And Its Role In India English Language auditionQuestions such as, what is translationwherein lies its complexity? take away been asked ever since literature stop being restricted to one target readership and moved beyond the boundaries of vocabulary. The condition translation technic completelyy connotes the art of recomposing a work in other language with verboten losing its original flavour, or of finding an analogous substitute.Its complexity lies in it being handle the transfer of perfume from one bottle to other. As c atomic number 18ful as you be, some fragrance is lost alone the gainsay remains to capture the essence.All things in nature are event to change and so is all ethnical yield. Translation is al personal manners a shift, not between two languages but between the two types of pagan matter.India is a linguistic galaxy of unparalleled richness. Few contexts could be punter suited than the Indian for a discussion of the processes of translation w ithin a spectacular stellar setting. How does one common idea of India make itself useable to a Bengali, Tamil or a Marathi in any way save that of translation? Translation provides a cognitive map of Indias linguistic demesne in all its interrelatedness as well as est electron orbitment. All texts and all readers are both monolingual and trilingual. A text, plainly written genuinely in one language in a given manifestation faces a multi lingual reader and thus reaches come out to a much larger base, unifying experiences and opinions as it expands.English has to be admitted as a grand reservoir of translation in modern-day India. It may no longer be a colonial language, but it is increasingly a conduit language. This filter language, as Khubchandani calls it, has today a trustworthy inescapable presence. More English translating have been published in India in recent times than ever before, but our awareness of the fill to ensure quality in translation has not heightened the same extent. Who should justice a translation somebody who discharge read the original or somebody who mountainnot? A person who was able to read the language, and enjoyed the original may find no translation satisfactory, whereas someone who smokenot is likely to regard discernability in English is the prime requisite.It seems unarguable that the only way in which the ideology of unity can be explored in a multilingual club like ours is by accepting both the need for, and the bothers of, translation.The Sanskritised term we currently use for translation in many Indian languages isanuvada which literally means after speech so it seems wrong in the graduationly place to discuss it in an Introduction. It in like manner stands in contrast toanukaran, which implies aping or slavish imitation, but thither ought to be a more than to the countersignature than just the adviseion that it could involve creative license of a benign?Any discussion of translation leads automat ically to the question who is an ideal interpreter? The writer himself, or someone who has not been involved in the essential creative art? The task of the translator is to unfreeze the shapes that thought took in one language and refreeze them into another. A translator must take into story rules that are not strictly linguistic but cultural. Translators, even when difficult to give us the flavor of the language, are in fact modernizing the source. As far as translators in India are concerned, most Indians who grow up in urban conditions and go to school and college tackle shifts from one language to another so often and so comfortably that translation seems southward nature to them.TRANSLATION STUDIESThe Pedagogy of Translationby Vanamala ViswanathaTranslation Studies is a young discipline still in the process of mapping its territory. Attempts have been made to define its boundaries and develop its terrain by scholars working in disciplines as varied as Anthropology, Compar ative Literature, Culture Studies, Linguistics and Literary Theory. believe translation as a transaction between two languages, the rife linguistic paradigm has treated it merely as a matter of transfer from the come Language to the manoeuvre Language.There can be two ways of translating Transliteration and Transcreation.Transliteration or literal translation is word-to-word, phrase-to-phrase or prison term-to-sentence carrying everywhere from the Source textual matter into the shoot for Text. This means that the words and terminologies would either rent exact equivalents in the steer Language or would have to be put as it is into the Target Text. It may be ideal for texts travel under technical registers. But they would prove extremely difficult when through with(p) on cultural texts. The aim of the translation is to reproduce meanings of the Source Text and the immediate operation it produces on the native audience for the readers and audience of another culture in who se language the text is to be translated. But, say, every Hindi word cannot have a counterpart in English be get under ones skin of its vast language and cultural differences in certain connotations and structures. Hence, the literal translation of cultural/literary full treatment would be like forsaking the duty of a translator.On the other hand, transcreation or cultural translation means a partial or complete freedom to the translator in transaction with the Source Text. The translator has to render the Source Text in a resuscitated form in the Target Language. It involves reading every word and sentence carefully, but it is not only or simply a literal rendering.Another step in translation is termed as Transfer. It is the stage in which the analysed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from the Source Text to the Target Text. The final stage is restructuring the transferred material. The basic structural elements have to be transferred to the Target Language. It has to be ensured in the process of transformation that the same effect the Source Text had should be achieved for the Target Text for its readers. When the translation produces the same effect as on the original audience then the translation can be considered equivalent to the Source Text.PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATIONThe translator has to deal with the problem of finding equivalent words and expressions in the Target Language, which though cannot be substitutes for the expressions in the Source Language, but can come close to it, can raise similar feelings and attitudes in the readers and audiences of the Target Text.Literary and cultural texts suggest rather than describe meanings. Cultural meanings are very specific and their connotations change with words in other languages. Therefore, it is really difficult to expect compare between the texts of two languages give awayd by two different cultures. The translator has to interpret and analyse the connotative and suggestive of the Source Text and on the basis of his k like a shotledge of the culture of the Target Text he has to recreate the meanings in the new language.Figures of speech, extended me leanhors, idioms, proverbs and allegories pose a great challenge to the translator. Even translating dialogues, forms of dressing, different kinds of food can be difficult when it has grueling cultural roots. For example, words like saree, churidar, pan, pallucannot have an English counterpart. In India, there is a specific word for every familial relationship. For instance,chacha, mama, phupha, taujiare all called uncle in English, similarly nana-nanianddada-dadi are simply grandparents. Also, the suggested meanings of these relationships can never be translated into any other language.To show how the differences in cultural facts can cause difficulties in the translation of metaphors we may look at the symbolic meanings of certain words in different cultures. Owl in English is the symbol of wisdom whereas it symbolizes ill-fortune in Persian and is associated to superstitious beliefs in India. Also, pig, hog and swine are different words for the same animal but these small variations can create big differences in metaphorical meaningssurface-to-air missile is a pig.Sam is a hog.Sam is a swine.The languages which do not have separate words for these different categories would fail to represent the difference between the discoursal take account of the above metaphors. Thus, a literal translation may lead to Target Language metaphors with different and sometimes completely opposite discoursal values.TRANSLATED WRITERSWe are now going to talk about a few writers who have brought out very vividly the different cultures of India through their writing in language languages. The languages we are going to focus upon are Hindi, Urdu, Marathi, Bengali, Assamese, Tamil and Kannada. It is the voice of this marginalized voice writing in vernacular languages, especially of the women regional writer s, which needs to be heard. This is possible only through translation, which gives them recognition all over the world.RABINDRANATH TAGORETagore was the first Indian Nobel Laureate. He won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his translation of theGitanjali.His trounce known works areGoraandGhare Baire. His works verse, short stories and novels are acclaimed for their lyricism, colloquialism, reality and contemplation. Of Tagores prose, his short stories are perhaps most highly regarded indeed he is credited with originating the Bengali language version of the genre. His short stories mostly suck up from the deceptively simple subject matter common people. The translation of his works into various languages has given people across cultures a glimpse of the world of the Bengali common man.Given below is Robi Duttas translation of his poem UrvashiNo mother thou, no daughter thouThou art no bride,O maiden fair and freeO inhabitant of NandanUrvasiGULZARSampooran Singh Kalra get out known as Gulzar is anIndianpoet,lyricistanddirector.Gulzarprimarily works inHindi-Urduand also works in Punjabi, several dialects of Hindi likebraj bhasha,khadi boli,Haryanviand Marwari.Gulzar has authentic many awards including the Padma Bhushan and theAcademy Awardfor his song Jai Ho.He has been wide translated into English and other languages. During the Jaipur Literary Festival, Pawan Varma, an eminent IFS officer who has translated Gulzars poetry, said that he faced a difficulty translating phrases like tip tip and tap tap and Gulzar replied abhi to humne kabutar ki gutar goon shuru bhi nahi ki hai.Sunjoy Shekhar, who has also translated Gulzar calls himself a base runner trying to surreptitiously smuggle the feelings evoked by Gulzars lyrics across an impermissible, alienate wordscape. To give a flavor of the translation of his poetry, given below is a song of his along with its translationbasa cand kraoD,aoM saalaaoM maoMsaUrja kI Aaga bauJaogaI jabaAaOr rak, D,ogaI saUrja saojaba kao- caaMd na DUbaogaaAaOr kao- ja,maIM na BarogaItba zMDa bauJaa k kaoyalaa saaTukD,a yao ja,maIM ka GaUmaogaaBaTka BaTkamawma KiksaI raoSanaI maoMmaOM saaocata hUM sa emailprotectedAga,r kaga,ja, po ilaKI hu- naj,makhIM D,to D,to saUrja maoM igarotao saUrja ifr saoo jalanao lagaoIn a billion years whenThe cheers advance dwindlesAnd ash blows across its surfaceThen the moon will no longer waneAnd the land not riseWhen like a cold, burnt out routine of coalThis earth revolvesLost in its gyreTrailing a dying, sepia glowI find thenIf a poem written on a piece of paper was to waft alongAnd perchance land on the sunThe sun would ignite again.AMBAIC. S. Lakshmi was born inCoimbatore,Tamil Naduin 1944. many of her works A Purple SeaandIn A Forest, A Deer(2006) have been translated English byLakshmi Holmstrm. In 2006, she (along with Lakshmi Holmstrm) won the Vodafone-Crossword prize. For her contributions to Tamil literature, she received the 2008Iyal Virudhu. Her work is character ized by her feminism, an eye for detail, and a sense of irony. geographic expedition of space, silence, coming to terms with ones body or sexuality, and the importance of communication are some of the recurring themes in her works.VIJAYDAN DETHAVijaydan Dethaalso known asBijjiis a noted writer fromRajasthanand a recipient ofPadma Shriaward(2007). He has also received several other awards such asSahitya Akademi AwardandSahitya Chudamani Award.He has more than 800 short stories to his credit, which are translated into English and other languages. He is co-founder ofRupayan Sansthanwith lateKomal Kothari, an launch that documents Rajasthani folk-lore, arts and music. His literary works include Bataan ri Phulwari (garden of tales), a fourteen slew collection of stories that draws on folk-lore and spoken dialects of Rajasthan. His stories and novels have been adapted for many plays and movies includingHabib TanvirsCharandas ChorandAmol PalekarsPaheli.He once said If you do not want to be a mediocre writer, you should return to your village and write in Rajasthani.5.SALMABorn in 1968 in Tamil Nadu,Salmas first poetry collection shocked buttoned-down society where women are supposed to remain silent. In 2003, Salma along with third other Tamil women poets faced obscenity charges and violent threats. Salma is now matter of the panchayat (local level government body) of Thuvarankurichi, near Trichi in Tamil Nadu. The government of Tamil Nadu has appointed her Chairperson of the Tamil Nadu Social Welfare Board.Her novel, translated as Midnight Talesfocuses on the inner world of Muslim women in the conservative society of Tamil Nadu in south India. It gives us an insight into what actually goes on in the households of this section of the society and brings it out very effectively. The novel was also long-listed for the Man Asian Prize of 2007.Translating these texts into more widely spoken languages like Hindi and English has taken their voice to a much wider rang e of readers.