Theories of Crime Essay Example for Free

Theories of Crime Essay Why do people commit crime? This is relatively strong topic discussed by sociologists that believe criminal or deviant behaviors are not because of ones physical characteristic. This essay will mainly focus on the Functionalist and Conflict Theories of crime. Conflict theorist argue that deviance is deliberately chosen, and often political in nature, where as Functionalist theorist argue that deviance and crime is caused by structural tensions created by social structure. Functionalists argue that people commit crimes because there is something wrong with the society the individual is in, and that this is what causes the individual to commit crime. Crime is caused by the structure of society. Conflict theorists argue that the criminal makes a choice to commit a crime in response to inequalities of the capitalist system (Giddens, 2001). Subcultural functionalist, Albert Cohen, bases his research on the lower classes. Through his research Cohen found that the lower class adolescents were disadvantaged in respect to success in general life. Cohen believed that the lower class were disadvantaged before they even started to achieve. Cohen argued, majority of the lower class children, do not start at the same position as the middle class. Because of this situation, Cohen thought that lower classes children suffered from status frustration (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). Due to this lower class childrens annoyance with their position within society, Cohen developed the theory that the lower class child would develop or form into a sub-culture where delinquent subculture takes its norms from the larger culture but turns them upside down (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). Due to the subculture creating goals, by the delinquent, as unattainable within society, Cohen argued that this is a cause of deviance and crime. Basically, with Cohens theory, it is mostly based namely on lower class position. Unfortunately, this only recognises that the lower class has more of a greater possibility of becoming deviant in there behavior, and Cohen disregards crimes of higher class. Another suggestion Cohen makes is that all disadvantaged people will perform acts, of deviant, criminal nature to achieve their goals. An important to understand that this is not always the case. Some individuals choose to work hard within society and its laws to  gain legitimate success (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). Sociologist Merton, another functionalist, developed the Strain Theory, which he updated from Sociologist Durkheim theory of anomie. Durkheim stated in the anomie theory that circumstances in which social norms are no longer clear and people are morally adrift (ODonnell, 1997). Merton then modified Durkeims statement by instead stating that term anomie is to describe the strain which occurs when individuals experience conflict between their pursuit of societies goals and the means society provides to achieve them (ODonnell, 1997). Merton mainly focuses on various acts which he believed may lead to acts of crime and deviance. Merton believed that there are various goals pushed by society and that surrounded by a set of means to obtain these goals example like hard work, education, and following the law. Merton says that everybody has the ability to achieve these goals, and then with that developed the five models of adapting to the strain. The four models Merton put forward are conformity, innovation, ritualism and rebellion. Conformity is when a person continues to accept goals and the means to obtain these goals even through failure is almost inevitable. Innovation,is the response when the individual accepts the goals set by society but rejects the means (to obtain these goals) set by society (Jones. P, 1996), also merton goes on to say the individual finds a replacement to societies means, this being an illegal act (ODonnell. M, 1997). The third in Mertons theory is ritualism, this is where the means and goals of society are adhered to but the individual has lost sight of the goals and has no interest in the outcome of his/her work (Sociological Inquiry, 2003). The fifth part of Mertons theory is rebellion where the individual rejects both the means and goals set by society, this is recognised as terrorists/radical political parties (P. Taylor , 2002). Cohen and Mertons theories are both that of a functionalists perspective. They both in turn believe crime is needed within society, to indicate there is a problem and in turn that problem can be resolved (Sociological Inquiry, 2003). On the other hand there is the interactionalists perspective on crime and deviance. There are similarities and differences between the functionalists and the conflict theiorists interpretation of why deviance and crime are committed. Stuart Hall is a conflict theorist, whom in 1972 studied the increasing problem of mugging. Hall believed that class position was irrelevant in respect of the victom (ref). He researched and discovered that muggers targeted people whom appeared to come from a similar background to themselves, instead than the poor class stealing from the lower class. Hall believed that the source of moral panic was not the underlying economic problem (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). This opinion is in completely different to that of both Cohen and Merton who both identify class as a major factor in crime, and both based their theories on the lower classes. Hall is belief and research concluded that the individuals within society committing the crimes where individuals in society forced into crime due to the nature of the economic situation. Talking another theorists view, Marxist, Hall argues that it is As Hall takes a Marxist view on crime some sociologists argue that economic situation is the cause for crime and deviance which is unavoidable. However Halls study is based upon statistics which maintain no bias. Halls study, like that of Cohen and Mertons, focuses on class. But unlike others sociologists i.e. Cohen and Merton, it acknowledges that criminals can/do target individuals in similar social situations as themselves. Cohen and Mertons studies gave the impression that the lower classes select the upper classes and intentionally harm them. This study clearly states that anyone is liable to become a victim of crime and acknowledges the influence of the media on crime. Living in a world where the media has such a large influence upon people it is easy to see how many crimes are exaggerated on television and in the newspapers, the term moral panic used by Hall is a good description. Ian Taylor, Paul Walton and Jock Young, new criminologists with studies leading towards Marxist perspective, have developed the theory which they believe criminals and deviants choose to break the laws set by society and decline out of free will. And do believe are influenced by external factors. Taylors view, according to the free will theory, is This theory is completely different to the Functionalists theorists whom believe the opposite. the meaningful attempt by the actor to construct and develop his own self-perception (Haralambos and Holborn, 1991). The free will theory developed by new criminology This strand of new criminology does not acknowledge or support the link of why crimes and deviant acts are commited through theories like anomie, physiological perspectives and those which include the forming of a subculture. Taylor, Paul and Jock are in complete contrast to the functionalist opinions and actually see crime and deviance as actively struggling to alter capitalism (Giddens, 2001). They see crime, more often than not, as a deliberate act, with a political basis against the state. They have a liberal view on the capitalist society and its restrictions and would base much devotion on the freedom of a future society (M. Haralambos, M. Holborn, 2000). They believe that ethnic minorities, homosexuals and drug users should not be persecuted but accepted by society (M. Haralambos, M. Holborn, 1991). In conclusion this document discussed that functionalists and conflict theorists have opposing views in relation to the nature and cause of crime and deviance. It has discovered that functionalists see crime and deviance as a product of society. Unlike conflict theorists perceive crime and deviance as choice chosen by the criminal. The functionalists determine that the environment determines and influences the opportunities given to an individual. Individuals have choices in the way they interpret and act upon the opportunities society provides conflict theorists state. The theories present in this document help to form a larger picture looking into cause and affects of crime and deviance. REFERENCE LIST Giddens. A, (2001), _Sociology_, Polity Press, fourth Edition, UK Jones. P, (1996), _Studying Society Sociological Theories and Research Practices_, Collins Educational, London M. Haralambos, M. Holborn, (1991), _Sociology themes and perspectives_, Third edition, Harper Collins, London M. Haralambos, M. Holborn, (2000), _Sociology themes and perspectives_, Fifth edition, Harper Collins, London ODonnell. M, (1997), _Introduction to Sociology_, Fourth edition, Nelson, London P. Taylor, (2002), _Sociology in focus_, Causeway Press, UK Sociological Inquiry (2003), _Anomie and Strain: Context and Consequences of Mertons Theories_ (Vol. 73 Issue 4 Page 471 November 2003), viewed May 5, 2008. http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/5728.php

Ghost Story of the New Jersey Devil Essay -- Ghost Stories Urban Legen

The New Jersey Devil The Legend of the Jersey Devil is the most prominent legend that is told to citizens of New Jersey; it is mainly told to elementary school aged children. There are a variety of settings that the story has; however, the most common location that is used when retelling the tale is Leeds Point, NJ, which is in the Pine Barrens region of the state. This tale of the Jersey Devil recounts the existence of a supernatural creature that is said to have terrorized the New Jersey Pine Barrens and surrounding areas for the last 260 years. The teller of this version of the legend is a Caucasian female who is eighteen years of age and attends the University of Maryland. She comes from a middle class family and believes in the Christian faith. As a New Jersey native, this young woman was originally told this story when she was a child in school. She admits that as a child, she believed the tale as true; however, at this age, she no longer believes in the existence of the New Jersey Devil. Wh ile on the way to class, we discussed New Jersey’s most famous legend, and she was able to recount the tale: Well about three hundred years ago, there was a woman by the name of Mrs. Shrouds. She lived in the New Jersey Pine Barrens with her family. Times were hard for her, and she couldn’t deal with having such a big family. Since she was so angry about her children and having to grow and cook food for them, she said, ‘If I have another child, I want it to be the devil.’ Well, then she got pregnant†¦ again, and she had her thirteenth child. The child was born deformed and actually looked like a devil. It had horns and wings and everything. Because of its deformity, Mrs. Shrouds kept her child locked in the basement so t... ...exemplifies the belief of society that witches can only be allied with the sin and malevolence. In addition, the Jersey Devil is used as a scapegoat; it is to blame when farm animals are missing or crops are destroyed. The story telling abilities of the young woman recounting the tale of the Jersey Devil showed its currency as well as the storytellers skepticism. She told it as if the story was common knowledge, performing the tale somewhat matter-of-factly. This tone of voice made the legend seem less of a supernatural occurrence. Consequently, it became obvious that the teller had little belief in the story, for she minimized the mystical elements. She did incorporate a few pauses in her speech in an attempt to make the story slightly suspenseful. Works Cited Juliano, David. â€Å"The Jersey Devil 4 x 4.† http://www.the-jersey-devil.com/devilstory.html

Week Two Discussion Questions

Week Two Discussion Questions †¢ What are the different types of plans that organizations can use? What types of plans does your organization use, and why do they use these plans? There are different types of plans for an organization like examples, a financial plan, a production plan, a sales plan and etc. My organization uses very similar plans like the ones I mentioned because in order to have a success business one must plan ahead and have a future view of the organization. What are the steps in the planning process? Which step is the most crucial? Why? The steps in the planning process are, Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. I think the most crucial one is Leading because in order to have success you must lead the organization to the correct path and a leader has been placed at its position because of their management skills which involves almost all steps in the planning process. Do you think organizations can overplan? Explain your response. Yes, I think over planning can happen. I think it is always best practice to have a plan B in the case that something goes wrong with plan A. †¢ What are three factors that affect the planning process? How do these factors affect the planning process? Three factors that can affect a planning process can be, competition, the economy, and management.Competition of course is when there is more than one organization out there offering a very similar product at a different price or a better one. The economy always affects business, if there is no jobs, there is no income therefore we do not have money to spend on offered products. Finally management can also fail in planning a good plan and may fail for what was expected. †¢ What role does organizational responsibility and ethics play in the planning process? It plays a role make things efficiently and the right way.

Essay on The Past and Future of Cuban Foreign Relations

Cuban politics has long been defined by foreign relations. One of the charges of the revolutionary leaders Fidel Castro and Che Guevara against Fulgencio Batista was his support from the United States of America. Batista was part of a military coup in 1933, and became President himself by election in 1940. His party lost the next election in 1944 after which he lived in the U.S., gaining allies. On his return to Cuba in 1952 he led a second coup to end an election which he was losing. His government was quickly recognized by the U.S., giving him legitimacy, which he turned into unopposed electoral victory in 1954. His regime was characterized by relationship both with the U.S. government and with the American Mafia. He faced almost†¦show more content†¦had supplied enough weaponry to massively militarize Cuba – it still has one of the largest militaries in the region. Although Dr Lleà ³ was followed as President by Osvaldo Dorticà ³s, another relatively moderate tec hnocrat, Fidel Castro was Prime Minister and clearly in control of policy. In 1976, Fidel Castro officially became President. Four factors defined hostility between the U.S. and Cuba. First is the Bay of Pigs invasion, where in 1961 a small force of Cuban exiles, backed by the U.S., returned to recapture Cuba with disastrous results. The Bay of Pigs was a disaster for all sides. The U.S., which failed to provide promised air support, lost the trust of the Cuban exile community and was embarrassed internationally. The Cuban government naturally responded by strengthening economic and military ties with the U.S.S.R.. Second is Operation Mongoose along with other covert C.I.A. programs to assassinate Fidel Castro and destabilize the Cuban government. Like the Bay of Pigs, these programs were a complete disaster. At least eight assassination attempts on Fidel Castro, including poisonous cigars, failed – only strengthening Fidel’s hold on power and his aura of invincibility. Combined with the Bay of Pigs, Operation Condor fostered a somewhat justified culture and rhetoric of paranoia in the Cuban g overnment. To this day, the totalitarian oppression of dissidents isShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedy s Decision Making Process1186 Words   |  5 Pageshis infallible leadership and decision making skills. For this reason, I would like to investigate the extent to which John F. Kennedy’s decision-making process changed from the Bay of Pigs Invasion to the Cuban Missile crisis during his presidency. I chose the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis because the first is an event in John. F. Kennedy’s presidency before he gained experience from this job and the latter is an event from after he was acquainted with the presidential role. 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This photo was taken in 1961, during which the Bay of Pigs Inv asion took place. The photo was taken by Alberto Korda, a Cuban photographer. This photo allows us to peer into the past and see Castro presumably leading Cuban troops. There is a large possibility of bias when considering that the photographer that took this image, Alberto Korda, was not only Cuban but also a personal photographerRead MoreRelations Between Russia And Cuba Essay2254 Words   |  10 PagesCouncil on Foreign Relations, you have been called upon to give advice on the issue of Russian spy bases reportedly reopening in Cuba against the backdrop of normalizing U.S.-Cuba relations. 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Both countries have been at each other since Fidel Castro came into power in 1959. Castro began a revolution and overthrew Fulgencio Bastista, who was the president of Cuba at the timeRead MoreCuba s Modernization During The 20th Century1697 Words   |  7 Pagesheavily, and their average citizen’s salary is four-hundred CUP (Cuban convertible pesos), it’s easy for them to spend nearly half their salary in day on things they need. They don’t have supermarkets; while shopping Cubans don’t ever have a full selection of products and there are often things missing; such as rugs, soda, cologne, etc. When it comes to cars the average person doesn’t own one because their far too expensive. The Cuban government buys old cars from the sixties from France, fixes

Organizational Behavior - 5621 Words

Chapter 1 - The Field of Organizational Behavior Multiple Choice Questions 1. Pharmacia is an example of a company that: a. experienced culture clashes as a result of a merger. b. ignored technological advances to its harm. c. is a great employer in terms of human resources, but an unprofitable company. d. focused on balance sheets rather than human resources. Answer a Page 2 2. _____ is a structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together to meet some agreed-upon objective. a. An open system b. An organization c. A work team d. Scientific management Answer b Page 3 3. Organizational behavior: a. is a social science that examines people’s behavior in society,†¦show more content†¦The only way to get people to work hard is to push them. d. Focus on organizations and people will take care of themselves. Answer b Page 9 15. The perspective suggesting that organizational behavior is affected by a large number of interacting individual, situational, and organizational factors is: a. the contingency approach to OB. b. classical management theory. c. Theory X and Theory Y. d. an organizational change perspective. Answer a Page 9 16. A drawback of a contingency perspective is: a. in its rigidity. b. its rejection of the scientific method. c. different situations produce different answers. d. its poor accuracy and high complexity in the answers it provides. Answer c Page 9 17. Which of the following strategies would Frederick Taylor recommend to improve productivity? a. Paying workers a salary or hourly wage. b. Improving worker job satisfaction. c. Implementing a program of careful selection and training of all employees. d. Expanding job responsibilities for each worker. Answer c Page 10 18. Time-and-motion studies: a. look at visual perception and performance. b. try to find the best way to perform jobs by streamlining individual movements. c. try to find ways to humanize the jobs of people. d. focus on improving work group coordination. Answer b Page 10 19. ____ conducted the time-and-motion studies to classify andShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Citizenship Behavior4841 Words   |  20 PagesTable of contents: Page # 1. Literature Review 1 1.1. What are Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) 1 1.2. OCB and its link with Organization 3 1.3. How OCB’s are exhibited by employees 4 1.4. Importance of OCB 5 1.5. Effect of OCB on employees 6 2. Introduction to Organization 6 2.1. Allied Bank Limited 7 2.2. Meezan Bank Limited 7 2.3. First Women’s Bank 7 2.4. MCB 7 3. 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Decision Of Wanting Computer Programming As A Job

Having major impact in today s society is technology; thus, increasing the demand for more people to build, write programs, higher quality, and repair computers; therefore, numerous growth of technology and high demand of programmers. Regardless, of what they do computer programming has requirements; such as, specific duties, and certain working environments that some may not find suitable. This paper will elucidate the important essentials to understand preliminary to making the decision of wanting computer programming as a job. Computer Programming consists of a wide variety jobs such as, writing code, testing,†¦show more content†¦Programmer analyst; identifies requirements by, establishing personal meetings with potential and actual clients, arranges project by analyzing requirements; knowledge of computer capabilities, over all, dealing with costume r opinion and creating new ideas. Senior program analyst, develop and maintain applications, databases, and software systems, by evaluating client needs; they enhance staff accomplishments and answer technical questions for less experienced team members, by teaching improved processes and mentoring team members. Developers are in charge of making the ideas come to life and developing it all; although, all fields write code it’s mainly to correct flaws; whereas, developers are the starters of it all and create the starter code. To keep in mind, multiple skills qualify to different collage that’s right for that field; although, there may be multiple some skills include with other jobs, so the study is almost beneficial for all computer programming tasks. â€Å"Average Computer Programmers in the United States make around $58K annually. Earnings generally vary between $34K and $90K per year. Final cash compensation to Computer Programmers varies from around $34K to ap proximately $90K; choice pay grades include potential for bonuses and profit sharing as high

Green Burial free essay sample

The lost of a family member or a friend have an impact in our lives, some people think that death is the end of life and some others think that dead is the end of a mission in earth. The funeral arrangement represents an stressful situation between the love ones, it would be determine by the family member, close friend or legal guardian. The ways of buried a deceased person are been a dilemma between the family. Burring the body in a casket, embalming or cremating are the most common questions between them when is an inspected lost, this is not a simple process, this implicate a burial preparation, ï ¬ nancial impacts and stress; love ones need to be informed and express their options if unpredicted lost occurred. Have an open mind when the time comes it will help the deceased person and the family. Green Burial today is the opportunity of give something back to the land and show the beneï ¬ ts of the impact in the future. ! In early America, people died more frequently from deceases, traditionally the family arrange the funeral, clean the body and place it in a wooden cofï ¬ n, family visit the love one in family house or a parlor room for certain amount of days and the body was buried in the cemetery or family farm. These custom still common in some countries. As a family tradition we need to respect the ideas of different cultures. United State of America is making a steady reappearance in green funerals. Green burials ï ¬ rst started in Great Britain in 1993 and began in the United States a few years later. The ï ¬ rst natural burial ground in USA, Ramsey Creek in ! South Caroline, opened a little over ten years ago (History of Natural Funeral and Natural Burial Rites). ! ! Ramsey Creek was founded to provide a more economical and meaningful burial options while promoting land protection and restoration. The cost of the  funeral are expensive and the option of the Green Cemeteries reï ¬â€šexes a considerable amount in price and affordable for the family. At Ramsey Creek funeral can cost as little as $2,300, compared to the nearly $7,000 cost of the conventional funeral (Basler, 2004). GPS in Green Burial Cemeteries is used to locate a love one in a later date. The Green Burial Council works to unite the location of grave sites and need the legal approval of the state and the health department requirements (Hector). Natural Burial is unknown and many people are not familiar, information should reach the public and let them know that the end is a more natural one. â€Å"The key elements of a natural burial are: A clean and natural body-management process. A fully biodegradable container. A place to go air water, or sky. People to put you there in the manner you determine. Laws to support your right to be there. A community to help you stay there† (Beal). It is time to be part of this ecosystem in a natural way. ! It is important to mention that the natural burial, traditional alternative is creating an wake up call to preserve our green space. â€Å"Our understanding of the importance of the forest and the usefulness of trees and the necessity of habitat, along with the power of the soil to transform natural elements and return to utility for the web of life itself, grow every year. The demand to leave no trace is increasing† (Beal). According to the Center for Natural Burial, â€Å"the used of amount of wood to make cofï ¬ n in ten acres swatch cemetery is enough to make 10 houses† (The Truth About). Consequently the method of embalming creates a contamination of the soil because of the use of formaldehyde base chemical that slow the decomposition of the body, this product â€Å"kill some microbes that begin the ï ¬ rst stage of body breakdown, resulting in hardening of the tissue† (Beal). This method using formaldehyde has recently proved to â€Å"cause cancer†. (Sloane). According with the guides, â€Å"ï ¬â€šuid along with the organs and internal part are suctioned out of the corp during the process, goes down the drain into the water supply, creating a contamination of the water† (Beal), not a good way to preserve the environment. Foremost the the tradition of burning the body, brings another problems of preservation, â€Å"the emission that result from burning synthetic materials and body implants, and mercury ï ¬ lling, since air travels and we have a shared atmosphere† (Beal). Air pollution causing discomfort, disease or death to the humans.! The decomposition of the body starts when the body is lock of oxygen, cells in the brain died in few minutes, skin turned to an ashen color and waxing looking. â€Å"Soon after death rigor mortis occurs, which cause by complex chemical reaction involving acetic and myosin, which creates the body’s stiffness. Rigor mortis last approximately 24 hours, depending upon ambient temperature† (memorialpages). Millions of microorganism live in the intestines, they are the ï ¬ rst in action after the body is lock of oxygen and decomposition start from inside to outside the guts. â€Å"As bacteria start eating through the guts the ï ¬ rst sign is usually a greenish patch on the lower right belly which also blister. Then â€Å"special bacteria called clostridia and coliform star to invade other parts of the body and putrefaction spreads across the stomach before traveling the things across the chest† (memorialpages). The body gets swollen and accumulate gasses producing a foul odor. The last cells to be broken are the tendons and ligaments which are more resistants to the decomposition.! The bacterias Clostridia and Coliform leave in the intestine of the humans. â€Å"Clostridia is a Gram positive anaerobes, many clostridia are transit or permanent members of the normal ï ¬â€šora of the human skin and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. in addition to being normal ï ¬â€šora most clostridia can also be found in the soil many parts of the word†(Public Health). The reason for foul odor in mud and plant is because the production of Clostridia. This bacteria can cause the human deceases as â€Å"food poisoning, botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene and pseudomembranous colitis† (Public Health). Fecal coliforms, on the other hand, are more speciï ¬ c because they refer to the â€Å"coliforms that live in the intestinal track of humans and many other animals. Each person discharges from 100 to 400 billion fecal coliform organisms per day. Some animals discharge much more†(APEC water). Learning about the facts that harms the environment by the conventional  funeral, the idea of Green Burial will impact the future environment in a positive way. The arrangement of a funeral for a love one is not the best choice to do, but if the circumstances permit to do it, the Green Burial would be my best option. If someone mention to me about this method before my investigation and writing this paper, it would not be part of my choice, I would not never accepted, I will continue with the idea of a funeral in a traditional way of a cremation or place the body in a cofï ¬ n. People need to be open, be inform and give the option of natural burial. Learning about the Ramsey Creek Preserve bring the ideas of my love ones who passed away in a different prospective. Thinking that I could use this method when they were separated from us and been part of the natural word made me sad. The idea of having them close to me again and be part of the forest would be a precious moments. I think if I planned how my funeral will be I will chose the Green Burial process, I feel comfortable to talk about my own funeral and I think that it would be less stress for my family, this will help them cope with each other and not ! be worried if I would like to have something else in my funeral, in other words â€Å"I get what I want†. We need the moment to meditate and have a reï ¬â€šection from our ideas. The environment in what we leave deteriorates with our actions and negligences, we need to learn how to take care our ecosystem, we need to spread the words and help the effort of Memorial Ecosystems and Green Burial Council are doing. It is a job well done with a successful impact in the future. ! !